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Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA (excluding Florida) and northern Gulf of Mexico to northern Mexico. Possibly from southern Brazil to Argentina. Uncertain in southern Gulf of Mexico, Lesser Antilles and southern Caribbean (Ref.
26938
).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
 
?
, range 18 - ? cm
Max length : 55.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
40637
); common length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
3702
); max. published weight: 2.6 kg (Ref.
40637
); max. reported age: 5 years (Ref.
12193
)
Adults occur usually over mud and sandy mud bottoms in coastal waters and in estuaries where the nursery and feeding grounds are located. They feed mainly on worms, crustaceans and fishes. An excellent foodfish. Sold fresh and frozen; eaten fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref.
9988
).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray
, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref.
7251
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 14.2 - 27.7, mean 24.1 °C (based on 540 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00774 - 0.00936), b=3.09 (3.06 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.0 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.2-0.27; tm=1-2; tmax=5).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Low
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 74.3 [40.8, 145.2] mg/100g; Iron = 1.07 [0.56, 1.87] mg/100g; Protein = 20.1 [18.4, 21.7] %; Omega3 = 0.303 [0.149, 0.596] g/100g; Selenium = 26.2 [13.9, 50.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 16.4 [5.7, 55.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.688 [0.492, 1.006] mg/100g (wet weight);
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- 20 July 2016
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