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- Australian Faunal Directory
- FishBase
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Overview | |
Main identification features
Elongate, slender body; 5 gill slits, last 2 over pectoral fin base; 2 large dorsal fins, second distinctly smaller than first, first dorsal behind pectoral; anal fin same size as and situated under second dorsal; eyes horizontal ovals, with ventral nictitating membranes; mouth rounded; teeth small, equal on both jaws, broadly triangular, large serrations on one side; tail strongly asymmetrical, lower lobe well developed.
Dark grey to grey-brown above, white below; pectorals with pale rear borders; sometimes scattered pale spots in flank.
Size: 200 cm.
Habitat: coastal, semipelagic.
Depth: 0-1100 m.
Worldwide in temperate waters; British Colombia to Baja and the Gulf of California and the Revillagigedos; Ecuador to Chile
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ); Antitropical (North and South temperate).
Depth Range Max: 1100 m.
Depth Range Min: 0 m.
Diet: Pelagic crustacea; octopus/squid/cuttlefish; mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs); sea-stars/cucumbers/urchins; bony fishes.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=53; Southern limit=-55; Western limit=-130; Eastern limit=-70; Latitudinal range=108; Longitudinal range=60.
Egg Type: Live birth; No pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Carnivore.
FishBase Habitat: Bentho-Pelagic.
Global Endemism: Circumtropical ( Indian + Pacific + Atlantic Oceans); East Pacific + Atlantic (East +/or West); East Pacific + all Atlantic (East+West); All Pacific (West + Central + East); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species.
Habitat: Soft bottom (mud, sand,gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove); Water column; Sand & gravel; Mud.
Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable; Listed.
Length Max: 200 cm.
Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species.
Residency: Vagrant.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Mid Water; Near Bottom; Near Surface;
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Names | |
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Links to other sites | |
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References |
- Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
- Compagno, L.J.V., 1999., Checklist of living elasmobranchs. In Hamlett W.C. (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes., The John Hopkins University Press:471-498.
- Compagno, L.J.V., 1984., Sharks of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO Species Catalogue., FAO Fish. Synop. No 125, 4(2):251-655.
- Eschmeyer , W. N. , Herald , E. S. and Hamman, H., 1983., A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Peterson Field Guide Ser. 28., Houghton Mifflin:336pp.
- Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1., FAO2:647-1200.
- Hildebrand, S.F., 1946., A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 189:1-530.
- Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
- Linnaeus, C., 1758., Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae., Systema Nat. ed. 10, 1:1-824.
- Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
- Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
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Acknowledgements | |
I thank Ashley MacDonald and John Pickering, University of Georgia, for technical support in building this page.
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| &pull 20q v5.145 20180528: Error 301 Moved Permanently http://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/b7bd8014-7231-4782-90a8-c62ea495536b/ |
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Following modified from FishBase
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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Galeorhinus&speciesname=galeus ---> http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Galeorhinus&speciesname=galeus
http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Galeorhinus&speciesname=galeus ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Galeorhinus&speciesname=galeus
https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Galeorhinus&speciesname=galeus ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/summary/Galeorhinus-galeus.html
Galeorhinus galeus, Tope shark : fisheries, gamefish, aquarium
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Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) >
Carcharhiniformes
(Ground sharks) >
Triakidae
(Houndsharks) > Galeorhininae
Etymology:
Galeorhinus:
galeo
, probably based on
G. galeus
(see below);
rhinus
, an ancient name for sharks, from
rhine
(Gr.), rasp, alluding to their rasp-like skin. (
See ETYFish
)
;
galeus:
From
galeos
, a small shark or dogfish per Aristotle (sometimes translated as weasel), possibly referring to the pointed snouts, swift movements and/or rapacious feeding behavior of smaller predatory sharks1. (
See ETYFish
)
.
More on author:
Linnaeus
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; benthopelagic; oceanodromous (Ref.
51243
); depth range 0 - 1100 m (Ref.
26346
), usually 2 - 471 m (Ref.
43939
). Subtropical; 70°N - 58°S, 111°E - 37°E
World-wide in temperate waters (Ref.
58085
). Western Atlantic: southern Brazil to Argentina. Eastern Atlantic: Iceland, Norway, Faeroe Islands, British Isles to the Mediterranean and Senegal; Namibia to South Africa (Western Indian Ocean). Western Pacific: Australia and New Zealand. Eastern Pacific: British Columbia (Canada) to southern Baja California, Gulf of California; Peru and Chile. Questionable records in Ivory Coast, Nigerai, Gabon to Congo Dem Rep and Laysan Is. (Hawaii) (Ref 244).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
144.1
, range 120 - 185 cm
Max length : 193 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
40637
); 195.0 cm TL (female); common length : 160 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
9258
); max. published weight: 44.7 kg (Ref.
40637
); max. reported age: 55 years (Ref.
6871
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 0;
Anal
spines
: 0;
Anal
soft rays
: 0. A large houndshark with a long, pointed snout, a large mouth, and small blade-like teeth; 2nd dorsal about as large as anal fin and terminal caudal lobe as long as rest of fin (Ref.
5578
). Greyish above, white below; young with black markings on fins (Ref.
5578
).
Mainly demersal on continental and insular shelves, but also on the upper slopes, at depths from near shore to 550 m (Ref.
6871
), but has been shown to be pelagic in the open ocean (frequently caught on floating tuna longlines over deep water, and many New Zealand-tagged specimens have been recaptured in Australia) (Ref.
26346
). Occurs in small schools that are highly migratory in higher latitudes in their range (Ref.
244
). There is pronounced partial segregation by size and sex in some areas (Ref.
244
). Feeds on fishes (bottom as well as pelagic species, Ref.
26346
), crustaceans, cephalopods, worms, and echinoderms (Ref.
244
). Ovoviviparous (Ref.
50449
). Targeted for human consumption, liver for squalene oil, fins for soup (Ref.
244
); also utilized as fishmeal (Ref.
13563
). Marketed fresh, dried-salted, and frozen (Ref.
9987
). Adapts well in captivity if carefully captured and handled (Ref.
12951
).
Ovoviviparous, without a yolk-sac placenta (Ref.
244
). Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref.
50449
). 6 to 52 young in a litter (Ref.
26346
). Litter size increases with the size of the mother. Embryos reach 30-36 cm TL at birth (Ref.
6080
). In the southern waters of Australia, newly born and older juveniles (30-70 cm long) aggregate in 'nursery areas' found in shallow waters.They move to deeper coastal waters to over-winter. The following spring finds most of these young returning to their nursery areas. The older ones, aged 2 years and over move instead to eastern Bass Strait where most of the immature stock are found. The length of an average full-term embryo is 32 cm. Spawning frequency is once every year, ovulation occurring in early summer and parturition is completed by January of the following year. Gestation period lasts for about 12 months (Ref.
6390
,
6871
).
Compagno, L.J.V.
, 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref.
244
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Critically Endangered (CR)
(A2bd); Date assessed:
14 February 2020
CITES
Not Evaluated
Appendix II:
Migratory species conserved through agreements
Threat to humans
Harmless (Ref.
13563
)
Human uses
Fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums
FAO - Fisheries:
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,
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; Publication:
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 6.7 - 23.2, mean 12.3 °C (based on 7314 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00479 (0.00363 - 0.00631), b=2.99 (2.91 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.3 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 11.9 (6.9 - 14.7) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (rm=0.033; tmax=55; Fec=6-52).
Prior r = 0.06, 95% CL = 0.04 - 0.10, Based on 3 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Very high vulnerability (76 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Medium
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 8.56 [1.46, 48.15] mg/100g; Iron = 0.465 [0.128, 1.502] mg/100g; Protein = 20 [18, 22] %; Omega3 = 0.18 [0.11, 0.30] g/100g; Selenium = 44.2 [13.5, 139.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.1 [4.2, 44.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.409 [0.194, 0.769] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
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- 20 July 2016
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Updated: 2024-05-23 05:48:22 gmt
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