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Western Atlantic: widespread along the Atlantic coast of the United States (from North Carolina), through the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, to the coasts of South America (up to Uruguay); apparently absent in the Bahamas.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
 
?
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 28.8 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref.
128822
); common length : 20.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
5217
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 120-134;
Anal
spines
: 0;
Anal
soft rays
: 99 - 110;
Vertebrae
: 69 - 74. Rostral spine long and curved, reaching tip of snout, without vertical basal component; peritoneum pale; no median basibranchial tooth patch; head extensively covered with imbricate rows of cycloid scales except for snout and throat; body tapering to point, dagger-shaped (Ref.
34024
). Body dark gray or brownish gray without blotches; dorsal and anal fins dark, becoming gradually darker at the extreme blackish edge; pelvic fin blackish in anterior half and pale in posterior half; gill arch blackish or brownish; head covered with scales except for snout, lips, and branchiostegal membrane (Ref.
13608
).
Common species (Ref.
34024
). Found on soft bottom (Ref.
7251
). Oviparous, with oval pelagic eggs floating in a gelatinous mass (Ref.
205
).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Robins, C.R., R.H. Robins and M.E. Brown
, 2012. A revision of
Lepophidium
(Teleoastei, Ophidiidae), with descriptions of eight new species. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 52(1):1-94. (Ref.
91765
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 21.8 - 27.8, mean 26 °C (based on 464 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00269 (0.00156 - 0.00465), b=3.11 (2.96 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.6 ±0.7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Low to moderate vulnerability (25 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Medium
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 188 [106, 364] mg/100g; Iron = 1.34 [0.81, 2.20] mg/100g; Protein = 16 [13, 18] %; Omega3 = 0.196 [0.102, 0.359] g/100g; Selenium = 62.4 [30.3, 133.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 36.3 [12.5, 104.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.2 [0.9, 1.7] mg/100g (wet weight);
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