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Northeast Atlantic: known only from the Mediterranean. Validity of this species questioned in Compagno's 1999 checklist (Ref.
35766
).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
 
?
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm WD male/unsexed; (Ref.
3169
); common length : 65.0 cm WD male/unsexed; (Ref.
3169
)
Found over sandy and muddy bottoms. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and fishes. Ovoviviparous, gestation about 4 months and about 6 to 9 young are produced.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref.
50449
). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref.
205
).
McEachran, J.D. and C. Capapé
, 1984. Dasyatidae. p. 197-202. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref.
3169
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 13.3 - 16.1, mean 14.9 °C (based on 33 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00265 - 0.01571), b=3.06 (2.86 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.0 ±0.62 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Very Low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (Fec=6-9).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Very high vulnerability (78 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 11.4 [2.2, 51.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.269 [0.072, 0.742] mg/100g; Protein = 22 [19, 25] %; Omega3 = 0.532 [0.144, 1.564] g/100g; Selenium = 10.9 [3.1, 28.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.5 [3.8, 33.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.407 [0.196, 0.714] mg/100g (wet weight);
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