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Dorsal
spines
(total): 3;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 25-27;
Anal
spines
: 0;
Anal
soft rays
: 24 - 26. Scales enlarged above the pectoral fin base and just behind the gill slit to form a flexible tympanum; scales of posterior body with prominent keels, forming longitudinal ridges. A prominent groove in the skin extending anteriorly from front of eye for a distance of about 1 eye diameter. Caudal peduncle depressed. Caudal fin rays of adults prolonged above and below.
Inhabit coastal areas, usually found over muddy and sandy bottoms, also around reefs, together with the sponges and algae (Ref.
5213
). Adults on deep coastal slopes and usually seen swimming high above the bottom, sometimes found in estuaries. Juveniles in sheltered coastal bays and estuaries with outcrops of rubble or debris on open substrates (Ref.
48637
). Feed on benthic animals (Ref.
9769
). Oviparous (Ref.
205
). Also caught with vertical long-lines (Ref.
9770
). Marketed fresh and dried-salted (Ref.
9770
).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref.
205
).
Matsuura, K.
, 2001. Balistidae. Triggerfishes. p. 3911-3928. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome. (Ref.
9770
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 22.9 - 28.3, mean 27.1 °C (based on 501 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02630 (0.01711 - 0.04044), b=2.87 (2.74 - 3.00), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.6 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Medium
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 25 [11, 64] mg/100g; Iron = 0.49 [0.25, 1.12] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [16.3, 20.6] %; Omega3 = 0.129 [0.063, 0.260] g/100g; Selenium = 58 [29, 125] μg/100g; VitaminA = 42 [11, 167] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.816 [0.542, 1.216] mg/100g (wet weight);
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