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Atherina boyeri, Big-scale sand smelt : fisheries
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Atherina boyeri
Picture by
Otel, V.
Teleostei (teleosts) >
Atheriniformes
(Silversides) >
Atherinidae
(Silversides) > Atherininae
Etymology:
Atherina:
Greek, atherina, the Greek name for the eperlane; 1770 (Ref.
45335
)
.
More on author:
Risso
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; freshwater; brackish; demersal; amphidromous (Ref.
59043
); depth range 1 - ? m. Subtropical; 53°N - 20°N, 18°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: Portugal and Spain to Nouadhibou in Mauritania and Madeira, and throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Isolated populations on coasts of England and the Netherlands (Ref.
5980
). Previously, two subspecies were recognized in Russian waters:
Atherina boyeri pontica
(Eichwald, 1838) from the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and
Atherina boyeri caspia
(Eichwald, 1838) from the Caspian Sea (Ref.
26334
).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
5.8
, range 5 - ? cm
Max length : 20.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
30578
); max. reported age: 4 years (Ref.
59043
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 7 - 10;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 8-16;
Anal
spines
: 2;
Anal
soft rays
: 10 - 18. Eye diameter wider than snout length (Ref.
35388
).
A very euryhaline species, where adults are frequently found in brackish waters and more sporadically in freshwater (Ref.
3788
), preferring still or slow flowing waters in freshwater (Ref.
59043
). They are found in lower parts of rivers, estuaries, coastal lakes and sea; pelagic in lakes (Ref.
59043
). Adults occur in great schools. They are carnivorous, feeding on small crustaceans, worms, mollusks (Ref.
5980
) and fish larvae (Ref.
35388
) in lakes and estuaries, and on benthos in rivers (Ref.
59043
). Can usually live 1 to 2 years, rarely up to 4 years. Some populations undergo spawning migrations into estuaries. Mature individuals are fractional spawners, larger individuals spawn for a longer period. Eggs are demersal, with long hairy appendages attaching them to the substrate consisting of filamentous algae, often at depths of 2 to 6 m. Larvae are pelagic often forming schools close to the shores (Ref.
59043
).
Maugé, L.A.
, 1990. Atherinidae. p. 604-605. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref.
4499
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Least Concern (LC)
; Date assessed:
01 January 2008
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 13.9 - 21, mean 18.3 °C (based on 136 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00575 (0.00479 - 0.00691), b=3.07 (3.01 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.2 ±0.36 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.8; tm=1; tmax=4;).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.38 - 0.85, Based on 3 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
High
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 134 [71, 293] mg/100g; Iron = 1.07 [0.63, 1.91] mg/100g; Protein = 20.4 [19.0, 21.6] %; Omega3 = 0.34 [0.18, 0.64] g/100g; Selenium = 14.4 [6.8, 32.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 25.1 [8.8, 69.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.4 [0.9, 2.0] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
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