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Overview |
Main identification features
- grey to black, often pale spots
- dorsal and anal finslong, pointed
Dorsal rays III + 23-27; anal rays 20-27; pectoral rays 14- 15; body of adults relatively elongate, depth of body about 2.3 in standard length; dorsal and anal fins long and curved, the anterior rays well elevated, much longer than posterior rays; longitudinal groove present in front of eye; no grooves on cheek; no cluster of large bony scales behind operculum; caudal fin double concave, rounded in juveniles; tail base without ridges or spines; snout without scales.
Blue grey to nearly black, usually covered with small white spots.
Size: grows to 50 cm.
Habitat: In our region it is usually seen at offshore islands or far out to sea around floating debris such as logs.
Depth: 0-110 m.
Circumglobal in tropical seas. The mouth of the Gulf of California to Peru, and the oceanic islands.
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap).
Depth Range Max: 110 m.
Depth Range Min: 0 m.
Diet: Pelagic crustacea; zooplankton; pelagic fish larvae.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=25; Southern limit=-9; Western limit=-115; Eastern limit=-78; Latitudinal range=34; Longitudinal range=37.
Egg Type: Benthic; Pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Carnivore; Planktivore.
FishBase Habitat: Pelagic.
Global Endemism: Circumtropical ( Indian + Pacific + Atlantic Oceans); East Pacific + Atlantic (East +/or West); Transisthmian (East Pacific + Atlantic of Central America); East Pacific + all Atlantic (East+West); All Pacific (West + Central + East); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species.
Habitat: Flotsam; Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom); Rocks; Water column; Reef (rock &/or coral); Corals.
Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Offshore; In & Offshore.
IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed.
Length Max: 50 cm.
Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species.
Residency: Resident.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Bottom; Mid Water; Near Bottom; Near Surface; Bottom + water column;
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Names |
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Links to other sites |
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References |
- Abbott, J.F., 1899., The marine fishes of Peru., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51:324-364.
- Allen , G.R. and Robertson, D.R., 1994., Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific., Crawford House Press Pty Ltd:1-332.
- Allen , G.R. and Robertson, D.R., 1997., An Annotated Checklist of the fishes of Clipperton Atoll, Tropical Eastern Pacific., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 45:813-843.
- Bloch, M. E., 1786., Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische. Berlin., Naturg. Ausl. Fische, 2:1-160.
- Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
- Castro-Aguirre, J.L. and Balart, E.F., 2002., La ictiofauna de las islas Revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas, con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:153-170.
- Chirichigno, N., 1998., Clave para identificar los peces marinos del Peru., Instituto del Mar del Peru, Informe., 44(2 Ed.):1-387.
- Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
- Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1., FAO2:647-1200.
- Galván-Magaña, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., Pérez-España, H., Chávez-Ramos, H., 1996., Systematics list of the fishes from Cerralvo island, Baja California Sur, Mexico., Ciencias Marinas, 22:295-311.
- Garrison, G., 2000., Peces de la Isla del Coco., Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad:393.
- Grove , J.S. and Lavenberg, R. J., 1997., The fishes of the Galápagos islands., Stanford University Press:863 pp.
- Hildebrand, S.F., 1946., A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 189:1-530.
- Hunter, J. R. and Mitchell, C. T., 1966., Association of fishes with flotsam in the offshore waters of Central America., Fishery Bulletin, 66:13-29.
- Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
- Lopez , M. I. and Bussing, W. A., 1982., Lista provisional de los peces marinos de la Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 30(1):5-26.
- McCosker , J.E. and Rosenblatt, R.H., 1975., Fishes collected at Malpelo Island. In Graham, J.B. (ed.) The Biological Investigation of Malpelo Island, Colombia., Smithsonian Contrib. Zool., 176:91-93.
- Mora, C., Francisco, V. and Zapata, F. A., 2001., Dispersal of juvenile and adult reef fishes associated with floating objects and their recruitment into Gorgona island reefs, Colombia., Bull. Mar. Sci., 68:557-561.
- Robertson , D.R. and Allen, G.A., 1996., Zoogeography of the shorefish fauna of Clipperton Atoll., Coral Reefs, 15:121-131.
- Rosenblatt , R.H. , McCosker , J.E. and Rubinoff, I., 1972., Indo-west Pacific fishes from the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama., Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 234:18pp.
- Snodgrass , R. E. and Heller, E., 1905., Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898-1899. XVII. Shorefishes of the Revillagigedo, Clipperton, Cocos and Galapagos Island., Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6:333-427.
- Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
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Acknowledgements |
I thank Ashley MacDonald and John Pickering, University of Georgia, for technical support in building this page.
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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Canthidermis&speciesname=maculata ---> http://52.67.158.155/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Canthidermis&speciesname=maculata http://52.67.158.155/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Canthidermis&speciesname=maculata ---> https://fishbase.net.br/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Canthidermis&speciesname=maculata https://fishbase.net.br/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Canthidermis&speciesname=maculata ---> https://fishbase.net.br/summary/Canthidermis-maculata.html
Canthidermis maculata, Rough triggerfish : fisheries
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Canthidermis maculata
Picture by
Patzner, R.
Teleostei (teleosts) >
Tetraodontiformes
(Puffers and filefishes) >
Balistidae
(Triggerfishes)
Etymology:
Canthidermis:
Greek, kanthos = the outer or inner corner of the eye, where the lids meet, 1646 + Greek, derma = skin (Ref.
45335
)
.
More on author:
Bloch
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; reef-associated; depth range 1 - 110 m (Ref.
9710
). Subtropical; 46°N - 18°S
Circumglobal in warm and tropical seas (not in the Mediterranean).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
 
?
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
9276
); common length : 35.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
55763
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 3;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 23-25;
Anal
spines
: 0;
Anal
soft rays
: 20 - 22. Head, body and fins of adults dark; body with elongated white spots that may disappear with growth (Ref.
4420
).
Found in shallow coastal and offshore waters (Ref.
9276
,
11230
). Epipelagic nearly all throughout life, often associated with drifting objects (Ref.
1602
,
44187
). May occur on deep rocky slopes (Ref.
7251
). Feeds on zooplanktons (Ref.
89972
). Appear to school in large numbers based on catches from set nets (Ref.
637
). Oviparous (Ref.
205
). Marketed fresh (Ref.
9770
).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Distinct pairing (Ref.
205
).
Myers, R.F.
, 1991. Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. (Ref.
1602
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Least Concern (LC)
; Date assessed:
07 June 2011
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref.
30911
)
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 23 - 29, mean 27.7 °C (based on 2250 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02570 (0.01232 - 0.05364), b=2.94 (2.77 - 3.11), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.5 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Medium
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 19.1 [7.1, 65.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.52 [0.26, 1.25] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.0, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.177 [0.095, 0.338] g/100g; Selenium = 20.9 [9.2, 45.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 28.6 [7.3, 120.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.609 [0.392, 0.961] mg/100g (wet weight);
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Updated: 2024-04-24 18:04:23 gmt
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