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Fusiform, robust body; snout conical, blunt, with nostrils on sides; mouth large, round; teeth on top jaw triangular, serrated; 5 large gill slits, all before pectoral fin; tail almost symmetrical, half-moon shaped; tail base very depressed, with large keel that extends onto tail itself; first dorsal fin large, triangular, origin over rear of base of pectoral fin; second dorsal fin very small; anal fin very small, origin under rear of base of second dorsal fin.
Back grey-brown, blue-grey, to blackish; belly white to pale grey; underside of tips of fins black
Size: 720 cm.
Habitat: coastal, inshore to oceanic.
Depth: 0 to 1280 m.
Circumglobal, temperate; in our area: Baja and the Gulf of California; Panama to Peru and the Galapagos and Revillagigedos.
Attributes Abundance: Common. Cites: Appendix III. Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ); Antitropical (North and South temperate). Depth Range Max: 1280 m. Depth Range Min: 0 m. Diet: bony fishes; sea snakes/mammals/turtles/birds; sharks/rays; mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs); octopus/squid/cuttlefish. Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=33; Southern limit=-9; Western limit=-118; Eastern limit=-79; Latitudinal range=42; Longitudinal range=39. Egg Type: Live birth; No pelagic larva. Feeding Group: Carnivore. FishBase Habitat: Pelagic. Global Endemism: Circumtropical ( Indian + Pacific + Atlantic Oceans); East Pacific + Atlantic (East +/or West); Transisthmian (East Pacific + Atlantic of Central America); East Pacific + all Atlantic (East+West); All Pacific (West + Central + East); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species. Habitat: Water column; Estuary; Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom). Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Offshore; In & Offshore. IUCN Red List: Vulnerable; Listed. Length Max: 720 cm. Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; California + Peruvian provinces, primarily; Temperate Eastern Pacific, primarily; All species. Residency: Resident. Salinity: Marine; Marine Only. Water Column Position: Mid Water; Near Bottom; Near Surface; Surface; Water column only;
Bellido-Millán, J.M. and Villavicencio-Garayzar, C.J., 2002., Pesqueria artesanal de tiburon en la region central del Golfo de California. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:143-152.
Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
Castro-Aguirre, J.L. and Balart, E.F., 2002., La ictiofauna de las islas Revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas, con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:153-170.
Compagno, L.J.V., 1999., Checklist of living elasmobranchs. In Hamlett W.C. (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes., The John Hopkins University Press:471-498.
Compagno, L.J.V., 1984., Sharks of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of sharks species known to date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Species Catalogue., FAO Fish. Synop. No 125, 4(1):1-249.
Eschmeyer , W. N. , Herald , E. S. and Hamman, H., 1983., A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Peterson Field Guide Ser. 28., Houghton Mifflin:336pp.
Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1., FAO2:647-1200.
Galván-Magaña, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., Pérez-España, H., Chávez-Ramos, H., 1996., Systematics list of the fishes from Cerralvo island, Baja California Sur, Mexico., Ciencias Marinas, 22:295-311.
Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
Linnaeus, C., 1758., Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae., Systema Nat. ed. 10, 1:1-824.
Lopez , M. I. and Bussing, W. A., 1982., Lista provisional de los peces marinos de la Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 30(1):5-26.
Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
Madrid Vera , J. , Ruíz Luna , A. and Rosado Bravo, I., 1998., Peces de la plataforma continental de Michoacán y sus relaciones regionales en el Pacífico mexicano., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 42(2):267-276.
Meek , S.E. and Hildebrand, S.F., 1923., The marine fishes of Panama. Part I., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser. Publ., XV:1-330.
Musick, J.A., Harbin, M.M., Berkeley, S.A., Burgess, G.H. Eklund, A.M., Findley, L., Gilmore, R.G., Golden, J.T., Ha, D.S., Huntsman, G.R., McGovern, J.C., Parker, S.J., Poss, S.G., Sala, E., & Schmidt, T.W., Sedberry, G.R., Weeks, H., Wright, S.G., 2000., Marine, estuarine, and diadromous fish stocks at risk of extinction in North America (exclusive of Pacific salmonids)., Fisheries, 25:6-30.
Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Carcharodon&speciesname=carcharias ---> http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Carcharodon&speciesname=carcharias http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Carcharodon&speciesname=carcharias ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Carcharodon&speciesname=carcharias https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Carcharodon&speciesname=carcharias ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/summary/Carcharodon-carcharias.html
Carcharodon carcharias, Great white shark : fisheries, gamefish
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Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) >
Lamniformes
(Mackerel sharks) >
Lamnidae
(Mackerel sharks or white shark)
Etymology:
Carcharodon:
carchar-,
presumably referring to
Carcharias
(Odontaspidae);
odon
(Gr.), tooth, “Teeth as in
Carchari
[
a
]
s
, serrated on both edgesâ€. (
See ETYFish
)
;
carcharias:
From the Ancient Greek
karkharÃas
, shark, derived from
kárkharos
, sharp or jagged, referring to its teeth (“dentibus serratusâ€). (
See ETYFish
)
.
More on author:
Linnaeus
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromous (Ref.
51243
); depth range 0 - 1200 m (Ref.
106604
), usually 0 - 250 m (Ref.
55270
). Subtropical; 61°N - 58°S, 180°W - 180°E
Worldwide. Very wide-ranging in most oceans; among the greatest habitat and geographic range of any fish, tolerating temperatures of 5°-25°C.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
475.0
, range 450 - 500 cm
Max length : 640 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
12489
); max. published weight: 0.00 g; max. reported age: 36 years (Ref.
31395
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 0;
Anal
spines
: 0;
Anal
soft rays
: 0. A huge, spindle-shaped shark with conspicuous black eyes, a blunt, conical snout and large, triangular, saw-edged teeth (Ref.
5578
). First dorsal-fin origin usually over the pectoral-fin inner margins (Ref.
43278
,
6871
). Caudal fin crescentic (Ref.
247
). Lead-grey to brown or black above, lighter on sides, and abruptly white below (Ref.
6851
). Black spot at rear pectoral fin base (Ref.
6851
).
Primarily a coastal and offshore inhabitant of continental and insular shelves, but may also occur off oceanic islands far from land (Ref.
247
,
43278
,
58302
). Often close inshore to the surf line and even penetrates shallow bays (Ref.
247
). Maximum depth of 700 fathoms (or 1280 m) reported by Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948 is erroneous (Francis et al., 2012 in Ref. 106604). Pelagic, capable of migration across oceanic regions (Ref.
58302
). Usually solitary or in pairs but can be found in feeding aggregations of 10 or more; does not form schools (Ref.
247
). Feeds on bony fishes, sharks, rays, seals, dolphins and porpoises, sea birds, carrion, squid, octopi and crabs (Ref.
5578
) and whales (Ref.
32140
). Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother (Ref.
43278
,
50449
). Number of young born per litter, 7 (Ref.
31395
) to 14 (Ref.
26346
). Reported by some experts to attack humans which they mistake for their normal prey (Ref.
47
). Most attacks occur in estuaries. Caught by big-game anglers and line boats for its jaws (Ref.
5578
). Reported to cause poisoning (Ref.
4690
). Flesh is utilized fresh, dried-salted, and smoked for human consumption, the skin for leather, liver for oil, carcass for fishmeal, fins for shark-fin soup, and teeth and jaws for decorations (Ref.
13574
). Maximum total length is leading to much speculation and some measurements are found to be doubtful. Possibly to 6.4 m or more in length (Ref.
43278
), considered the world's largest predator with a broad prey spectrum. The record of 10.98 m is incorrect (Ref.
13574
). Maximum total length for male from Ref. 91029. Sometimes considered the most dangerous shark in the world (Ref.
26938
).
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother (oophagy) after the yolk sac is absorbed (Ref.
50449
). Up to 10, possibly 14 young born at 120-150 cm (Ref.
26346
). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref.
205
). Male and female may swim in parallel while copulating (Ref.
28042
,
49562
).
Compagno, L.J.V.
, 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref.
247
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 11.3 - 24.9, mean 18.1 °C (based on 4368 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 1.0313 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00871 (0.00623 - 0.01217), b=3.05 (2.96 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Very Low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (K=0.06; tm=8-12; tmax=36; Fec=7).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Very high vulnerability (86 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Low
.
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