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Record originally contributed by FAO |
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Ceratocystis paradoxa
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Introduction |
Robert Macfarlane |
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Authority |
(Dade) C. Moreau |
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Anamorph |
Chalara paradoxa (de Seynes) Saccardo |
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Classification |
Fungi:Ascomycota:Ophiostomatales:Ophiostomataceae:Ceratocystis |
Topic Editors
Data Stewards
Referees |
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Synonyms |
Ceratostomella paradoxa Dade, Endoconidium fragrans E.G. Lacroix [teleomorph], Hughesiella euricoi Bat. & A.F. Vital [teleomorph, Ophiostoma paradoxa (Dade) Nannf., Sporochisma , Sporoschisma paradoxum De Seynes [teleomorph], Stilbochalara dimorpha Ferd. & Winge [teleomorph], Thielaviopsis ethacetica Went [teleomorph], Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) Höhn. [anamorph](
full list
) |
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Common names |
Ananaskrankheit des Zuckerrohr, Ananaskronenfäule, Bananenkronenfäule, base rot, bending head, bitten leaf of coconut, black end of banana, black rot, black rot of pineapple, black rot of sugarcane (
full list
) |
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Symptoms |
Robert Macfarlane |
2003-12-19 |
Pineapple
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A soft grey to black butt rot starts from the wound where the planting material was detached from the mother plant. The infection may progress to destroy the entire seed piece. If the surrounding tissue dries out, the rot may be arrested with a dark suberised layer forming between the rotten and the healthy tissue, but the cavity created by the rot at the base of the stem can result in stunting or death of the plant. Black rot or water blister of the harvested fruit is a soft, watery, wound rot which initially leaves the outer shell of the fruit intact. As the rot progresses, the flesh and core break down and leak through the shell; the watery rot changes to yellow, then darkens to grey or black as the fungus grows and forms spores. White leaf spot begins as small brownish white, watery lesions that may develop rapidly into long (up to 200 mm) cream to white, papery spots with brown margins.
Coconut
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In infected roots, the pith tissues decay, contributing to a slow decline of the tree. In trunk infections, there is a soft, yellow rot, and affected areas of the trunk show a dark discoloration that blackens with age. As the
Ceratocystis paradoxa
tissues of the trunk decay, a reddish brown liquid may bleed from the infection point, producing a sap flow that extends down the trunk and blackens as it dries. Infections may coalesce to cause a heart rot, resulting in reduced growth, necrosis of lower leaf
pinnae
towards the
midrib
, and ultimately defoliation and death of the palm.
Exudation of the brownish black liquid through cracks on the trunk. This fluid turns black as it dries. Tissues below the bleeding patch become decayed. In young palms tissues rot internally and on piercing the stem a yellow fluid rushes out.
Sugarcane
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Infection commences at the cut ends of recently planted setts, and spreads rapidly through the
parenchyma
, which initially reddens and becomes water-soaked, then breaks down so that the interior of the sett becomes hollow and blackened. The
fibrovascular bundles
remain intact, and appear as light coloured strands within the blackened cavity. During the early stages of rotting, there is often a strong odour of over-ripe pineapple. Affected setts may fail to germinate, produce shoots that die back after emergence, or produce shoots that survive but make retarded growth.
Stalks
of standing cane may also become infected if they are physically damaged or suffering from drought.
Banana
:
An uneven black rot develops from the crown of hands of fruit after they have been removed from the harvested bunch. White to grey fungal growth and a sweet smell are apparent. Fingers become detached from the hand as the rot spreads from the crown into the individual finger stalks. In planting
corms
, the fungus can cause a dark water-soaked lesion, often with grey-white fungal growth in cavities within the rotting tissues. |
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Morphology |
Robert Macfarlane |
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Epidemiology |
Robert Macfarlane |
1999-10-29 |
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The fungus is primarily a wound pathogen. There is some evidence of pathogen strains with partial or complete host specificity. The major inoculum sources are the
chlamydospores
and
conidia
of the asexual (Chalara) state. Both
spore
forms persist in the soil, but the dark, thick-walled chlamydospores are probably the more important for long-term survival. Inoculum is distributed by rain-splash and airborne dispersal, and by transport of infested soil. The sexual (Ceratocystis) state is not usually involved in disease; it is rare in nature, and has been reported only from
cacao
and
sugarcane
. |
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Dispersal |
Robert Macfarlane |
1999-10-29 |
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Inoculum
is distributed by rain-splash and airborne dispersal, and by transport of infested soil. |
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Management |
Robert Macfarlane |
2003-12-19 |
Pineapple
:
Butt rot can destroy an entire crop, but can be controlled either by curing (air-drying) the planting material, or by dipping it in a fungicide such as triadimefon. Black rot is a post-harvest disease which can be controlled by minimising bruising of the fruit during harvest, by strict packhouse hygiene, and by dipping in a fungicide such as triadimefon within 6-12 hours after harvest. Pineapple cultivars differ in their susceptibility to black rot. White leaf spot is of minor importance.
Coconut
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Severe infections are fatal. Opportunities for infection can be reduced by minimising the incidence of root and trunk wounds. Minor infections can be successfully treated by cutting out the affected portion and applying benomyl and wood preservative, but there is a risk of selecting benomyl-resistant strains of the fungus. Palms with major infections should be removed and destroyed.
Chiesel out the rotten protion. Treat the area with
Bordeaux paste
or coal tar.
Sugarcane
:
The disease can cause widespread crop failure, particularly if environmental conditions delay bud germination after the setts have been planted. Planting at too great a depth, in excessively wet or dry soils, or at low temperatures, should be avoided. Setts cut from younger parts of the cane are preferable, because they germinate more vigorously than those cut from old cane. Setts should be cut with at least 3
nodes
, because the dense nodal tissues delay the spread of infection from the cut ends. If necessary infection can be controlled by treating setts with fungicides.
Banana
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Incidence of crown rot can be reduced by regular removal of potential
inoculum
sources such as accumulated banana debris and soil from the packing shed. Post-harvest fungicide application to the fruit or the cut surface of the crown is also an effective treatment. |
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Host notes |
Robert Macfarlane |
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Notes |
Robert Macfarlane |
1999-10-29 |
Circumglobal in tropics and subtropics (CMI Map No. 142)
CMI Descriptions No. 143, Ellis (1971) |
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Distribution |
Robert Macfarlane |
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