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Indo-West Pacific: Arabian and Mozambique channel eastward to Gulf to Palau north to Japan south to New Caledonia.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
31.8
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm FL male/unsexed; (Ref.
3678
); common length : 55.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
5450
); max. published weight: 6.3 kg (Ref.
4699
)
Typically found solitary or in groups, often in turbid water. on open muddy, sandy or silty substrates in protected bays or estuaries, around rock outcrops, wreckage and debris (Ref.
48635
,
90102
). Also in shallow coastal areas and coral reefs (Ref.
30573
). Juveniles are found in weedy areas (Ref.
2799
). Feeds on benthic invertebrates and fishes (Ref.
30573
). Reportedly ciguatoxic in some areas (Ref.
2799
). Marketed fresh and frozen (Ref.
9987
).
Parenti, P.
, 2019. An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Haemulidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). Iran. J. Ichthyol. 6(3):150-196. (Ref.
119443
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 24.1 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 2894 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00657 - 0.01522), b=3.00 (2.87 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.7 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.17; tm=3-4; Fec=495,450).
Prior r = 0.64, 95% CL = 0.42 - 0.96, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Moderate vulnerability (45 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): Very high vulnerability (86 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Medium
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 20.7 [9.2, 56.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.444 [0.192, 1.089] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [17.4, 21.9] %; Omega3 = 0.111 [0.056, 0.223] g/100g; Selenium = 47.2 [19.2, 128.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 43.6 [18.7, 100.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.485 [0.279, 1.231] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
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- 20 July 2016
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