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Eleutheronema tetradactylum, Fourfinger threadfin : fisheries, aquaculture
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Eleutheronema tetradactylum
Picture by
Randall, J.E.
Teleostei (teleosts) >
Carangaria/misc
(Various families in series Carangaria) >
Polynemidae
(Threadfins)
Etymology:
Eleutheronema:
Greek, eleutheros = free + Greek, nema = filament (Ref.
45335
)
.
More on author:
Shaw
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic-neritic; amphidromous (Ref.
51243
); depth range 0 - 23 m (Ref.
6390
). Tropical; 32°N - 26°S, 47°E - 154°E (Ref.
57343
)
Indo-Pacific: Persian/Arabian Gulf, Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka (except the Red Sea and East Africa) to northern Australia and New Guinea. Replaced by
Eleutheronema rhadinum
(Jordan & Evermann, 1902), in East Asia (Japan, China, Viet Nam) (Ref.
41639
).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
 
?
, range 29 - ? cm
Max length : 200 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
3479
); common length : 50.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
3479
); max. published weight: 145.0 kg (Ref.
4965
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 9;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 13-15;
Anal
spines
: 3;
Anal
soft rays
: 14 - 16;
Vertebrae
ca 35 cm SL which is dusky yellow; pectoral filaments white; anterior margin of pelvic fin yellow and other parts white; base of caudal fin yellowish, other parts blackish (Ref.
41639
,
57343
).
Adults occur mainly over shallow muddy bottoms in coastal waters. Also enter rivers (Ref.
3479
,
6390
,
11230
). Juveniles found in estuaries. During winter, adults ascend the rivers. They usually form loose schools, although larger fish are more often observed in pairs or singly (Ref.
6390
). Feed on prawns and fish (largely members of Mugilidae, Engraulidae, and Sciaenidae) with occasional polychaetes. Frequency of crustaceans to fish in the diet varies seasonally. Larvae (7-30 mm TL) feed mainly on copepods and mysids but also take shrimps and prawn larvae (Ref.
57343
). Juveniles (31-60 TL) feed on prawns shrimps and mysids (Ref.
57343
). Protandrous hermaphrodites. Marketed fresh, frozen, and dried or salted.
In Australia, fish are males at 24-47 cm FL, hermaphrodites at 25-46 cm FL and females at 28-72 cm FL. On the northeast Queensland coast, most blue threadfin are females by 45-50 cm FL. Hermaphroditic blue threadfin develop fom 1-2-year-old fish, and females first appear as 2-3-year-old individuals (Ref.
28736
). Male fish probably commence sex reversal immediately after spawning (ie about April-May) and this condition may persist until after the next spawning period (Ref.
28736
). The progression from hermaphrodites to females is complete by the following season. There is little information on the larvae, although nursery areas are known to be lower estuaries, tidal swamps and lagoons, and shallows along the foreshores (Williams 1997).
Motomura, H., Y. Iwatsuki, S. Kimura and T. Yoshino
, 2002. Revision of the Indo-West Pacific polynemid fish genus
Eleutheronema
(Teleostei: Perciformes). Ichthyol. Res. 49(1):47-61. (Ref.
41639
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Not Evaluated
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 25.2 - 29.3, mean 28.6 °C (based on 2815 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00617 (0.00400 - 0.00951), b=3.06 (2.93 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.1 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Fec=680,000; assuming tm>=2).
Prior r = 0.56, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.84, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): Very high vulnerability (91 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
High
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 38.1 [12.5, 117.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.744 [0.292, 1.866] mg/100g; Protein = 20 [18, 22] %; Omega3 = 0.122 [0.065, 0.224] g/100g; Selenium = 52.9 [18.1, 162.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.1 [5.7, 40.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.92 [0.46, 1.74] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
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