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Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Bermuda; strays occur north to Massachusetts.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
54.4
, range 35 - 98 cm
Max length : 125 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
26340
); common length : 50.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
5217
); max. published weight: 23.0 kg (Ref.
9710
); max. reported age: 25 years (Ref.
5222
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 11;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 16-17;
Anal
spines
: 3;
Anal
soft rays
: 8 - 10. Color of head and body dark reddish brown, shading to pink or reddish below. Opercle with 3 flat spines, the middle one being the largest. Vertical fins angulate in larger fish. Pelvic fins shorter than pectorals and inserted slightly behind ventral and pectoral-fin base. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin. No saddle on caudal peduncle. Interspinous membranes not incised (Ref.
26938
); head length 2.3-2.5 times in SL; convex interorbital; subangular preopercle, serrae at angle slightly enlarged; straight upper edge of operculum; posterior and anterior nostrils subequal (Ref.
89707
).
Adults occur mainly over rocky and muddy bottoms. Uncommon around coral reefs. Usually rest on the bottom (Ref.
9710
). Juveniles may be found in shallow water, but adults are usually taken from depths of 70-330 m (Ref.
13442
). Feed on a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates. Are protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref.
55367
). Most females transform to males between ages 7 to 14. Susceptible to red tide toxin (
Ptychodiscus brevi
) (Ref.
5222
). Marketed fresh or frozen. The world record for hook and line, 39 lbs., from Cape Canaveral, Florida (Ref.
13442
).
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall
, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref.
5222
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 11.5 - 25.7, mean 19.1 °C (based on 233 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01445 (0.00940 - 0.02223), b=3.00 (2.88 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 8.9 (6.9 - 10.9) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 15
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.1-0.18; tm=4-6; tmax=25; Fec=1.4 million).
Prior r = 0.60, 95% CL = 0.40 - 0.90, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): High vulnerability (64 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Medium
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 9.76 [3.62, 22.19] mg/100g; Iron = 0.41 [0.20, 0.85] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.5, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.176 [0.093, 0.338] g/100g; Selenium = 30.3 [14.5, 64.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 65.2 [15.5, 263.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.743 [0.486, 1.122] mg/100g (wet weight);
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