13.
Grindelia hirsutula
Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey Voy. 147. 1833.
Grindelia acutifolia
Steyermark;
G. camporum
Greene;
G. camporum
var.
bracteosa
(J. T. Howell) M. A. Lane;
G. camporum
var.
davyi
(Jepson) Steyermark;
G. camporum
var.
parviflora
Steyermark;
G. columbiana
(Piper) Rydberg;
G. fastigiata
Greene;
G. hallii
Steyermark;
G. hirsutula
var.
davyi
(Jepson) M. A. Lane;
G. hirsutula
var.
hallii
(Steyermark) M. A. Lane;
G. hirsutula
var.
maritima
(Greene) M. A. Lane;
G. hirsutula
subsp.
rubricaulis
(de Candolle) D. D. Keck;
G. humilis
Hooker & Arnott;
G. inornata
Greene;
G. inornata
var.
angusta
Steyermark;
G. integrifolia
de Candolle var.
macrophylla
(Greene) Cronquist;
G. latifolia
Kellogg;
G. latifolia
subsp.
platyphylla
(Greene) D. D. Keck;
G. macrophylla
Greene;
G. maritima
(Greene) Steyermark;
G. nana
Nuttall;
G. nana
var.
altissima
Steyermark;
G. nana
subsp.
columbiana
Piper;
G. nana
var.
integerrima
(Rydberg) Steyermark;
G. nana
var.
integrifolia
Nuttall;
G. paludosa
Greene;
G. perennis
A. Nelson;
G. procera
Greene;
G. revoluta
Steyermark;
G. robusta
Nuttall;
G. robusta
var.
bracteosa
(J. T. Howell) D. D. Keck;
G. robusta
var.
davyi
Jepson;
G. robusta
var.
platyphylla
Greene;
G. robusta
var.
rigida
A. Gray;
G. rubricaulis
de Candolle;
G. rubricaulis
var.
maritima
Greene;
G. squarrosa
(Pursh) Dunal var.
integrifolia
(Nuttall) B. Boivin;
G. squarrosa
var.
quasiperennis
Lunell;
G. stricta
de Candolle;
G. stricta
var.
angustifolia
(A. Gray) M. A. Lane;
G. stricta
subsp.
blakei
(Steyermark) D. D. Keck;
G. stricta
var.
macrophylla
(Greene) Steyermark;
G. stricta
var.
platyphylla
(Greene) M. A. Lane;
G. stricta
subsp.
venulosa
(Jepson) D. D. Keck
Perennials or subshrubs
(sometimes flowering first or second year), 8—60(—250+) cm.
Stems
usually erect, sometimes prostrate, decumbent, or ascending, usually green to stramineous, brown, or reddish, sometimes whitish, arachnose, hirsutulous, puberulous, or villous (sometimes stipitate-glandular as well), or glabrous (then often resinous).
Cauline leaf blades
usually oblong, oblanceolate, or spatulate (broadest at or beyond their midpoints), sometimes ovate, lanceolate, or linear, (5—)10—80(—120+) mm, lengths 2—8+ times widths, bases clasping or cuneate, margins usually serrate to dentate (teeth apiculate to setose), sometimes entire, apices truncate, rounded, or obtuse to acute, faces hirsutulous, puberulous, or villous and little, if at all, gland-dotted, or glabrous (or scabridulous near margins) and sparsely to densely gland-dotted.
Heads
usually in open to crowded, corymbiform to paniculiform arrays, seldom borne singly.
Involucres
usually broadly urceolate to globose, sometimes hemispheric, campanulate, or obconic, (6—)8—15(—20) × (6—)10—25+ mm (sometimes subtended by leaflike bracts).
Phyllaries
in 4—8+ series, reflexed to spreading or appressed, filiform or linear to ± lance-attenuate, lanceolate, or lance-oblong, apices usually recurved or straight, sometimes (the outer) looped to hooked or patent, terete or filiform to subulate, or acute, usually all glabrous and moderately to strongly resinous, sometimes all or outer villosulous to hirsutulous and little, if at all, resinous, seldom, if ever, stipitate-glandular.
Ray florets
0 or (5—)15—60+; laminae (4—)10—25+ mm.
Cypselae
whitish or stramineous to brownish or grayish, (2—)4—6(—7) mm, apices usually ± knobby, sometimes coronate, rarely smooth, faces usually smooth, striate, or furrowed, rarely rugose;
pappi
of 2—3(—6) usually contorted or curled, sometimes straight, usually smooth, rarely barbellulate, subulate scales or setiform awns (1—)4—5(—7) mm, usually shorter than, rarely nearly equaling disc corollas.
2
n
= 12, 24.
Flowering year round, mostly (May—)Jul—Sep(—Nov). Disturbed sites, forest openings, hillsides, prairies, roadsides, stream banks, ocean beaches and bluffs, tidal marshes, alkaline, alluvial, clay, or sand soils; 0—2800 m; Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Ont., Que., Sask.; Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Ill., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Mex., N.Y., N.Dak., Oreg., Pa., S.Dak., Utah, Wash., Wyo.; introduced in Mexico (Yucatan).
acutifolia
:
Grindelia acutifolia
; cauline leaf blades firmly membranous, lengths 2.5—5 times widths, phyllary apices looped to hooked, pappi of 2—3, subulate scales; southeastern Colorado, northeastern New Mexico Hybrids between
G. acutifolia
and
G. squarrosa
(as
G. nuda
) have been recorded from the Colorado side of Raton Pass.
Occurrence of
Grindelia hirsutula
in Alaska was not verified for this treatment. As circumscribed here,
Grindelia hirsutula
includes 30 or more reputedly distinct, local, regional, or ecotypic facies that have been named at species or infraspecific rank. Locally, such facies are easily recognized; in a broad view, they intergrade with other facies and are parts of a heterogeneous continuum. Taxonomies that have attempted to recognize the facies as distinct "taxa" have led to almost as many specimens determined as "intermediate" as are assigned to the named "taxa."
Following, alphabetically by epithet, we have summarized names, diagnostic traits (mostly as given in regional and/or state floras), and distributions for "taxa" treated as distinct in some taxonomies and included within
Grindelia hirsutula
here:
altissima
:
Grindelia nana
var.
altissima
; distal cauline leaves smaller and more scattered than proximal, blades about as wide at bases as at mid points, heads relatively few, heights of involucres less than diams.; mostly inner coastal ranges, northern California, southern Oregon. M. A. Lane (1993b) considered
altissima
to apply to hybrids between
davyi
and
nana
.
angusta
:
Grindelia inornata
var.
angusta
; cauline leaf blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, lengths 3+ times widths, faces inconspicuously gland-dotted, ray florets 0, cypselae stramineous to pale brown; central Colorado.
angustifolia
:
Grindelia stricta
var.
angustifolia
; see
humilis
.
blakei
:
Grindelia stricta
subsp.
blakei
; see
humilis
.
bracteosa
:
Grindelia bracteosa
;
G. camporum
var.
bracteosa
;
G. robusta
var.
bracteosa
; stems usually whitish and resinous, lengths of cauline leaf blades 3—5 times widths, phyllary apices usually looped, ray florets 0 or 2—27; southern California. M. A. Lane (1993b) suggested that
bracteosa
may have derived from hybridization between
hirsutula
and
G. squarrosa
(var.
serrulata
). See also,
robusta
.
camporum
:
Grindelia camporum
; stems usually whitish and resinous, cauline leaf blades ovate to lanceolate, involucres seldom subtended by bracts, phyllary apices recurved to straight, ray florets 32—39; mostly interior north, central California.
columbiana
:
Grindelia nana
[unranked]
columbiana
;
G. columbiana
; ray florets 0, otherwise much like
nana
; Idaho, Oregon, Washington (mostly Columbia River drainage).
davyi
:
Grindelia camporum
var.
davyi
;
G. hirsutula
var.
davyi
;
G. robusta
var.
davyi
; phyllary apices recurved to straight, acuminate, pappi usually ± equaling disc corollas; interior northern California. M. A. Lane (1993b) suggested that
davyi
may have derived from hybridization between
camporum
and
hirsutula
.
fastigiata
:
Grindelia fastigiata
; cauline leaf blades conspicuously gland-dotted, phyllary apices thick, coriaceous, ray florets 0, cypselae brown; western Colorado and eastern Utah. Hybrids between
fastigiata
and
G. squarrosa
have been recorded from Utah.
hallii
:
Grindelia hallii
;
G. hirsutula
var.
hallii
; involucres 8—12 mm diam., phyllary apices slightly recurved and attenuate to nearly straight and deltate, pappi shorter than disc corollas; interior southern California.
hirsutula
:
Grindelia hirsutula
; stems usually green to reddish, ± hirsutulous to arachnose (at least distally), cauline leaf blades usually widest proximal to their midpoints, involucres 12—23 mm diam., often subtended by leaflike bracts, phyllary apices mostly recurved to straight, slightly to moderately resinous, ray florets usually 20—60, laminae 14—20 mm, cypselae usually reddish; mostly coastal ranges of California.
humilis
:
Grindelia humilis
Hooker & Arnott; about the nomenclatural type of
G. humilis
, M. A. Lane (1992b) stated "...clearly conspecific with
G. hirsutula
" and she used the name
G. stricta
var.
angustifolia
for plants others had treated as
G. humilis
; as used by others,
humilis
has been applied to subshrubs 100—150 cm with red-brown stems and phyllary apices recurved to nearly straight from tidal lands around San Francisco and Tomales bays in northern California; similar plants but for apices of phyllaries often looped to hooked from around Humboldt Bay in northern California have been called
blakei
.
inornata
:
Grindelia inornata
; cauline leaf blades oblanceolate or ovate to oblong, lengths 1.5—3 times widths, faces inconspicuously gland-dotted, ray florets 0, cypselae stramineous to pale brown; central Colorado. Hybrids between
inornata
and
G. subalpina
have been recorded from Colorado.
integerrima
:
Grindelia nana
var.
integerrima
; see
integrifolia
.
integrifolia
:
Grindelia nana
var.
integrifolia
Nuttall (not
G. integrifolia
de Candolle);
G. squarrosa
var.
integrifolia
; cauline leaf blades oblanceolate, margins subentire, phyllary apices (at least the outer) looped to hooked, pappi of curled, smooth to barbellulate, subulate scales scarcely longer than cypselae; Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington.
latifolia
:
Grindelia latifolia
; stems herbaceous, decumbent to prostrate, leaf blade apices rounded, obtuse, or acute; coastal central and southern California (including Channel Islands).
macrophylla
:
Grindelia macrophylla
;
G. integrifolia
var.
macrophylla
;
G. stricta
var.
macrophylla
; see
stricta
.
maritima:
G. hirsutula
var.
maritima
;
G. maritima
(Greene) Steyermark;
G. rubricaulis
var.
maritima
; stems ascending, 30—80 cm, openly branched, involucres 12—25 mm diam., phyllary apices slightly recurved to nearly straight, cypselae golden or grayish, lengths of pappi ±
1
/ 2 disc corollas; coastal central California. M. A. Lane (1993b) suggested that
maritima
may have derived from hybridization between
hirsutula
and
platyphylla
.
nana
:
Grindelia nana
; stems yellowish to reddish, not resinous, cauline leaf blades usually oblanceolate, lengths usually 5—8 times widths, margins entire or (distally) serrate, involucres mostly 7—10 × 9—15 mm, phyllary apices looped or nearly straight; interior British Columbia, northern California, Idaho, western Montana, northern Nevada, Oregon, Washington.
paludosa
:
Grindelia paludosa
; the nomenclatural type may be a hybrid; stems herbaceous, 50—150 cm, cauline leaf blades coriaceous, little, or not at all, gland-dotted, outer phyllary apices looped, strongly resinous; around Suisun Bay, northern California.
parviflora
:
Grindelia camporum
var.
parviflora
; see
procera
.
perennis
:
Grindelia perennis
; perennials, cauline leaf blades oblong to oblanceolate, lengths 6—8 times widths, margins entire or remotely serrulate, phyllary apices strongly resinous, pappi of 2—4 subulate scales; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Saskatchewan; Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.
platyphylla
:
Grindelia latifolia
subsp.
platyphylla
;
G. robusta
var.
platyphylla
;
G. stricta
var.
platyphylla
; stems herbaceous (caudices woody), greenish, decumbent to prostrate, cauline leaf blades widest proximal to mid points, apices rounded to truncate; dunes and coastal bluffs, central and southern California.
procera
:
Grindelia procera
; stems erect, 80—180 cm, strictly branching distally, phyllary apices nearly patent to straight, glabrous, slightly resinous, ray florets 21—45, laminae 8—10 mm; mostly interior central California.
quasiperennis
:
Grindelia squarrosa
var.
quasiperennis
; see
perennis
.
revoluta
:
Grindelia revoluta
; perennials (possibly flowering first year), stems glabrous, cauline leaf blades subcoriaceous, thickened, lengths 2.5—5 times widths, margins entire or remotely dentate to denticulate with short, broad teeth, phyllary apices usually looped, strongly resinous, ray florets 21—37, pappi of 2—4 subulate scales; central and south central Colorado.
rigida
:
Grindelia robusta
var.
rigida
; see
camporum
.
robusta
:
Grindelia robusta
; fide M. A. Lane (1992b), the nomenclatural type of
G. robusta
is a hybrid that came from a cross between plants assignable to
G. hirsutula
in the sense of Lane and plants assignable to
G. stricta
in the sense of Lane. Within Lane's interpretation and taxonomic constraints,
G. robusta
cannot be placed in synonymy of the species name of either "parent." We believe instead that the type of
robusta
belongs to the "taxon" that has been called
bracteosa
.
rubricaulis
:
Grindelia rubricaulis
;
G. hirsutula
subsp.
rubricaulis
; the type of
rubricaulis
is very much like the type of
hirsutula
[see above].
stricta
:
Grindelia stricta
; stems usually green to reddish, prostrate to erect, usually ± hirsutulous to arachnose (at least distally), sometimes glabrous, cauline leaf blades usually widest distal to their midpoints, involucres mostly 10—50 mm diam., sometimes subtended by bracteoles, phyllary apices usually slightly recurved to straight, slightly to moderately resinous, ray florets 30—60, laminae 13—25 mm, scales of pappi 0.3+ mm wide at bases; mostly coastal beaches and marshes; British Columbia, Alaska, California, Oregon, Washington.
venulosa
:
Grindelia stricta
subsp.
venulosa
; stems procumbent to decumbent, whitish to yellowish, cauline leaf blades fleshy, apices rounded, phyllary apices looped; coastal bluffs and marshes; California, Oregon.
