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Hippocampus kuda, Spotted seahorse : fisheries, aquaculture, aquarium
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Hippocampus kuda
Picture by
Greenfield, J.
Teleostei (teleosts) >
Syngnathiformes
(Pipefishes and seahorses) >
Syngnathidae
(Pipefishes and seahorses) > Syngnathinae
Etymology:
Hippocampus:
Greek, ippos = horse + Greek,kampe = curvature (Ref.
45335
)
.
More on author:
Bleeker
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; reef-associated; non-migratory; depth range 0 - 68 m (Ref.
37816
), usually 0 - 8 m (Ref.
90102
). Tropical; 39°N - 28°S, 32°E - 154°W (Ref.
57009
)
Indo-Pacific: southern Africa, the Red Sea to Hawaii and French Polynesia; north to Japan, south to Australia.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
14.0
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
1602
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 17-18;
Anal
spines
: 0;
Anal
soft rays
: 4.
Inhabit seagrass and marine algae areas of estuaries and seaward reefs; also on steep mud slopes. Found in open water and attached to drifting
Sargassum
up to 20 km from shore. Adults in pairs (Ref.
48635
). Benthic to pelagic (Ref.
58302
). Feeds on zooplankton (Ref.
85309
). Ovoviviparous (Ref.
205
). The males carry the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail (Ref.
205
). Not shown to be monogamous in the laboratory (Ref.
30915
). Very popular aquarium fish. Highly valued species in traditional Chinese medicine (Ref.
30915
). Has been reared in captivity (Ref.
35416
).
There are 20 - 1000 larvae in incubating sacks; time of development is 20-28 days. The males carry the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail (Ref.
205
).
Lourie, S.A., R.A. Pollom and S.J. Foster
, 2016. A global revision of the seahorses
Hippocampus
Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research. Zootaxa 4146(1):1-66. (Ref.
115213
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Vulnerable (VU)
(A2cd+3cd+4cd); Date assessed:
16 August 2012
CITES
Appendix II:
International trade monitored
Appendix II:
Migratory species conserved through agreements
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial; aquarium: commercial
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 21.3 - 29, mean 27.8 °C (based on 1008 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00447 (0.00177 - 0.01127), b=3.00 (2.78 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.6 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Generation time: 1.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (tm=0.6; Fec=20-1000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Low vulnerability (15 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Unknown
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 120 [63, 293] mg/100g; Iron = 1.43 [0.71, 2.71] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.8, 19.6] %; Omega3 = 0.117 [0.048, 0.280] g/100g; Selenium = 80.9 [32.1, 214.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 26.5 [6.8, 105.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 2.06 [1.22, 3.28] mg/100g (wet weight);
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