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Body deep, very compressed; dorsal rays II-VII, 12; anal rays III,12; pectoral rays 12; first 2 dorsal spines separated from rest of fin, greatly prolonged in juveniles; lateral line interrupted, the pored scales 20-22 + 4-5; snout steep and laterally compressed; eye high on side of head, cheek deep; a pair of long curved canine teeth anteriorly in each jaw; tail fin small, slightly rounded.
Overall white to yellowish white with 4 indistinct broad dark bars on body and small black spot on upper side above eighth scale of lateral line; juveniles whitish with 4 diffuse brown bars, thin brown lines radiating from eye, and pelvic fins entirely brown.
Size: to 41 cm.
Habitat: found on open sand near reefs; dives into the sand when danger approaches.
Depth: 5-100 m.
Widespread in the Indo-Pacific from East Africa to the Americas - central to southern Baja, and the SW and central eastern Gulf of California to Colombia, the Revillagigedos, Cocos, Malpelo and the Galapagos.
Attributes Abundance: Common. Cites: Not listed. Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo). Depth Range Max: 100 m. Depth Range Min: 5 m. Diet: mobile benthic worms; mobile benthic gastropods/bivalves; mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs). Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=29; Southern limit=-2; Western limit=-115; Eastern limit=-78; Latitudinal range=31; Longitudinal range=37. Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva. Feeding Group: Carnivore; Planktivore. FishBase Habitat: Reef Associated. Global Endemism: All Pacific (West + Central + East); Indo-Pacific only (Indian + Pacific Oceans); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species. Habitat: Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom); Sand & gravel; Soft bottom (mud, sand,gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove); Soft bottom only. Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only. IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed. Length Max: 41 cm. Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species. Residency: Resident. Salinity: Marine; Marine Only. Water Column Position: Bottom; Near Bottom; Bottom + water column;
Aburto-Oropeza , O. and Balart, E. F., 2001., Community structure of reef fish in several habitats of a rocky reef in the Gulf of California., Marine Ecology, 22:283-305.
Baldwin , C. C. and McCosker, J. E., 2001., Wrasses of the Galápagos Islands, with the description of a new deepwater species of Halichoeres (Perciformes: Labridae)., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 49(Supplement 1):89-100.
Bussing, W.A., 1987., Los peces de la familia Labridae de la Costa Pacífica de Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 33:81-98.
Castro-Aguirre , J. L. , Balart , E. F. and Arvizu-Martínez, J., 1995., Contribución al conocimiento del origen y distribución de la ictiofauna del Golfo de California, México., Hidrobiologica, 5:57-78.
Castro-Aguirre, J.L. and Balart, E.F., 2002., La ictiofauna de las islas Revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas, con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:153-170.
Cuvier , G. and Valenciennes, A., 1840., Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome quatorzième. Suite du livre seizième. Labroïdes. Livre dix-septième. Des Malacoptérygiens., Histoire Naturelle Des Poissons, 14:1-464.
Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
Fowler, H.W., 1944., Results of the Fifth George Vanderbilt Expedition (1941) (Bahamas, Caribbean sea, Panama, Galapagos Archipelago and Mexican Pacific Islands). The Fishes., Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel., Monographs, 6:57-529.
Gill, T.N., 1862., Catalogue of the fishes of Lower California in the Smithsonian Institution, collected by Mr. J. Xantus. Part 1., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 14:140-151.
Humann, P., 1993., Reef Fish Identification: Galapagos., New World Publishing:192pp.
Jordan , D.S. and Evermann, B.W., 1898., The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part II., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 47:1241-2183.
Lopez , M. I. and Bussing, W. A., 1982., Lista provisional de los peces marinos de la Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 30(1):5-26.
Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
Randall, J.E. and Earle, J.L., 2002., Review of Hawaiian razorfishes of the genus Iniistius (Perciformes: Labridae)., Pac. Sci., 56:389-402.
Rodríguez-Romero, J., Abitia-Cardenas, L.A., Aguilar-Palomino, B., 1993., Range extension and first record of some marine fish in Baja California, Mexico., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 41:917-919.
Rosenblatt , R.H. , McCosker , J.E. and Rubinoff, I., 1972., Indo-west Pacific fishes from the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama., Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 234:18pp.
Rubio, E.A., 1986., Notas sobre la ictiofauna de la Isla de Gorgona, Colombia., Boletin Ecotropica. Univ. Bog. Jorge Tadeo Lozano, 13:86-112.
Rubio, E.A., 1990., Ictiofauna Indopacifica asociada a los corales de la Isla de Gorgona., Revista de Ciencias, 2:97-105.
Sánchez Ortíz , C. , Arreola Robles , J. L. , Aburto Oropeza , O. and Cortés Hernández, M., 1997., Peces de arrecife en la región de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:189-200.
Thomson , D.A. , Findley , L.T. and Kerstitch, A.N., 2000., Reef fishes of the Sea of Cortez., University of Texas Press(Revised Ed.):353.
Vega, A.J., Villareal, N., 2003., Peces asociados a arrecifes y manglares en el Parque Nacional Coiba., Tecnociencia, 5:65-76.
Victor , B. C. , Wellington , G. M. , Robertson , D. R. and Ruttenberg, B., 2001., The effect of the EL Niño-Southern oscilation event in the distribution of reef-associated labrid fishes in the Eastern Pacific ocean., Bull. Mar. Sci., 69:279-288.
Victor , B. C. and Wellington, G. M., 2001., A review of the razorfishes (Perciformes: Labridae) of the eastern Pacific Ocean., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 49(Supplement 1):101-109.
Victor, B. C. and Wellington, G. M., 2000., Endemism and the pelagic larval duration of reef fishes in the eastern Pacific Ocean., Marine Ecology Progress Series, 205:241-248.
Victor, B. C., 1986., Durtation of the planktonic larval stage of one hundred species of Pacific and Atlantic wrasses (family Labridae)., Marine Biology, 90:317-326.
Villareal-Cavazos, A., Reyes-Bonilla, H., Bermúdez-Almada, B. and Arizpe-Covarrubias, O., 2000., Los peces del arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, Golfo de California, México: Lista sistemática y aspectos de abundancia y biogeografía., Rev. Biol. Trop., 48:413-424.
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to the Society Islands, north to southern Japan and Hawaii, south to the Lord Howe Island. Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California to Panama and the Galapagos Islands (Ref.
5227
).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
?
range ? - ? cm
Max length : 42.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
97145
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 9;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 12-13;
Anal
spines
: 3;
Anal
soft rays
: 12 - 13. Identified by the dark vertical bar below the eye. Usually with 5 dark bars when adult and belly of female turns red. Juveniles with black anal fin and two large ocelli, thinly edged with white, in dorsal fin (Ref.
48636
). First two dorsal spines form a separate fin. Juveniles this fin forms a long, bannerlike filament but shortens with age (Ref.
37816
).
Usually solitary in lagoon and seaward reef areas with fine to loose, coarse sand bottoms (Ref.
1602
). Juveniles sometimes in shallow estuaries (Ref.
48636
). Adults rare in less than 20 m (Ref.
9710
). Benthic and benthopelagic (Ref.
58302
). Dives into sand to sleep safely at night or to hide when alarmed (Ref.
9311
,
90102
). Feed on hard-shelled invertebrates, including mollusks and crustaceans (Ref.
9311
). Juveniles mimic drifting dead leaves by holding the elongate detached front part of dorsal fin forward over head. Good to eat, flesh very white (Ref.
7364
). Minimum depth reported from Ref. 27115.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene
, 1990. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 506 p. (Ref.
2334
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 24.2 - 29, mean 27.8 °C (based on 1216 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00397 - 0.02640), b=3.06 (2.84 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.5 ±0.46 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Very high
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 40.6 [24.7, 63.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.54 [0.32, 0.96] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [15.7, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.146 [0.101, 0.214] g/100g; Selenium = 37 [24, 60] μg/100g; VitaminA = 95.6 [31.2, 328.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.26 [0.92, 1.92] mg/100g (wet weight);
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