www.fao.org Copyright Michel Lamboeuf · 0 Lepidocybium flavobrunneum |
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Overview |
Main identification features
- elongate; pointed head; large oval eye
- black
- 1st dorsal fin : low; 2nd dorsal fin and anal fin + 6 finlets behind
- ll: 1, sinuous
- tail base: 3 keels
Escolar
Elongate, fusiform, slightly compressed; head pointed; eye large, vertical oval; mouth large, ~horizontal, at front; teeth conical, curved, 1 row each jaw, larger on lower jaw, 1-2 pair large teeth at front top jaw; 1st dorsal low, VIII-IX spines; 2nd dorsal 16-18 rays, with 4-5 finlets; anal 14-15 rays, followed by 4-5 finlets; tail forked, 1 long, low + 2 small keels on tail base; 1 lateral line, with strongly sinuous path along body; scales very small, smooth.
Uniform greybrown, larger fish black.
Size: 220 cm.
Habitat: oceanic pelagic.
Depth: 0-200 m.
Circumtropical; throughout our region.
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ).
Depth Range Max: 200 m.
Depth Range Min: 0 m.
Diet: Pelagic crustacea; octopus/squid/cuttlefish; bony fishes.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=33; Southern limit=-9; Western limit=-118; Eastern limit=-78; Latitudinal range=42; Longitudinal range=40.
Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Carnivore.
FishBase Habitat: Bathypelagic.
Global Endemism: Circumtropical ( Indian + Pacific + Atlantic Oceans); East Pacific + Atlantic (East +/or West); Transisthmian (East Pacific + Atlantic of Central America); East Pacific + all Atlantic (East+West); All Pacific (West + Central + East); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species.
Habitat: Water column.
Inshore Offshore: Offshore; Offshore Only.
IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed.
Length Max: 220 cm.
Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species.
Residency: Resident.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Mid Water; Near Surface; Surface; Water column only;
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Names |
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Links to other sites |
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References |
- Briggs, J.C., 1960., Fishes of worldwide (circumtropical) distribution., Copeia, 1960:171-180.
- Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
- Castro-Aguirre, J.L. and Balart, E.F., 2002., La ictiofauna de las islas Revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas, con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:153-170.
- Eschmeyer , W. N. , Herald , E. S. and Hamman, H., 1983., A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Peterson Field Guide Ser. 28., Houghton Mifflin:336pp.
- Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1., FAO2:647-1200.
- Hildebrand, S.F., 1946., A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 189:1-530.
- Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
- Lopez , M. I. and Bussing, W. A., 1982., Lista provisional de los peces marinos de la Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 30(1):5-26.
- Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
- Nakamura , I. and Parin, N.V., 1993., Snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world (families Gempylidae and Trichiuridae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the snake mackerels, snoeks, escolars, gemfish, sackfishes, domine, oilfish ...FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15., FAO Fish. Synop. No 125,.
- Smith, A., 1847., Pisces. In: Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa; consisting chiefly of figures and descriptions of the objects of natural history collected during an expedition into the interior of South Africa in 1834-36., Illust. Zool. S. Africa, 4:77 unnumb. pp.
- Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
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Acknowledgements |
I thank Ashley MacDonald and John Pickering, University of Georgia, for technical support in building this page.
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Following modified from Australian Faunal Directory
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&pull 20q v5.145 20180528: Error 301 Moved Permanently http://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/01e570df-cf5b-4dbc-b93b-8662cf279f37 |
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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Lepidocybium&speciesname=flavobrunneum ---> http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Lepidocybium&speciesname=flavobrunneum http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Lepidocybium&speciesname=flavobrunneum ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Lepidocybium&speciesname=flavobrunneum https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Lepidocybium&speciesname=flavobrunneum ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/summary/Lepidocybium-flavobrunneum.html
Lepidocybium flavobrunneum, Escolar : fisheries
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Lepidocybium flavobrunneum
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Teleostei (teleosts) >
Scombriformes
(Mackerels) >
Gempylidae
(Snake mackerels)
Etymology:
Lepidocybium:
Greek, lepis = scale + Greek, kybion, -ou = tunna (Ref.
45335
)
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; benthopelagic; oceanodromous (Ref.
51243
); depth range 200 - 1100 m (Ref.
44037
). Deep-water; 50°N - 56°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref.
6181
)
Tropical and temperate seas of the World, but probably not occurring in the northern Indian Ocean. Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref.
5951
). Eastern Atlantic: known from 13°N off Guinea to Lobutu, Angola (Ref.
10816
).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
 
?
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 200 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref.
6181
); common length : 150 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref.
6181
); max. published weight: 45.0 kg (Ref.
3403
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 8 - 9;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 16-18;
Anal
spines
: 1-2;
Anal
soft rays
: 12 - 14;
Vertebrae
: 31. Body almost uniformly dark brown, becoming almost black with age. Pelvic fins well developed, with I spine and 5 soft rays (Ref.
9784
). Prominent lateral keel on caudal peduncle, flanked by smaller accessory keels above and below (Ref.
26938
).
Occurs mainly over the continental slope, down to 200 m and more (Ref.
6181
). Migrates upward at night (Ref.
6181
). Feeds on squid, crustaceans and a wide variety of fishes (Ref.
6181
). Flesh oily and may have purgative properties (Ref.
9784
). Sometimes caught by tuna long-liners (Ref.
26938
). Marketed frozen and as fish cakes in Japan (Ref.
9302
).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Nakamura, I. and N.V. Parin
, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 15. Snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world (families Gempylidae and Trichiuridae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the snake mackerels, snoeks, escolars, gemfishes, sackfishes, domine, oilfish, cutlassfishes,. scabbardfishes, hairtails, and frostfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(15):136 p. (Ref.
6181
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Least Concern (LC)
; Date assessed:
22 August 2012
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 7 - 14.4, mean 9.9 °C (based on 642 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00597 - 0.02312), b=2.98 (2.79 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.3 ±0.67 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (Assuming tm=4-5).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Medium
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 7.33 [3.81, 15.92] mg/100g; Iron = 0.279 [0.128, 0.578] mg/100g; Protein = 17.1 [14.9, 19.0] %; Omega3 = 0.33 [0.19, 0.60] g/100g; Selenium = 29.2 [12.6, 64.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.8 [2.8, 50.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.25 [0.17, 0.37] mg/100g (wet weight);
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Updated: 2024-04-17 07:33:56 gmt
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