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Overview |
Main identification features
- lip folds; upper = lowerspiracle smallnostrils short
- 1st dorsal fin : triangular, nearer pelvic than pectoral
- teeth blunt
- skin denticles: 1 point
- c: lower lobe not expanded
Elongate, slender body; snout pointed; mouth short, angular; eyes horizontal ovals, with ventral nictitating membranes; teeth low, with irregular blunt edges; nostril length 63-77% of distance between nostrils; spiracle length 0.3-0.8% of total length; upper and lower lip folds ~same length; 5 gill slits, last 2 over pectoral fin base; 2 large dorsal fins, second slightly smaller than first dorsal triangular, with midpoint nearer origin of pelvic than origin of pectoral; anal fin smaller than and with origin under middle of second dorsal; tail strongly asymmetrical, lower tail lobe not expanded, not with concave rear edge; crown of skin denticles on flank elongate, pointed, sometimes with canal in front half.
Grey, paler below.
Size: 163 cm.
Habitat: offshore, continental shelf, demersal.
Depth: 2-95 m.
California to the Gulf of California and central Mexico.
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos).
Depth Range Max: 95 m.
Depth Range Min: 2 m.
Diet: mobile benthic gastropods/bivalves; mobile benthic worms; bony fishes; mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs).
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=41; Southern limit=19; Western limit=-124; Eastern limit=-104; Latitudinal range=22; Longitudinal range=20.
Egg Type: Live birth; No pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Carnivore.
FishBase Habitat: Demersal.
Global Endemism: TEP non-endemic; East Pacific endemic; All species.
Habitat: Mud; Sand & gravel; Soft bottom (mud, sand,gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove); Soft bottom only.
Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only.
IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed.
Length Max: 163 cm.
Regional Endemism: Continent; Temperate Eastern Pacific, primarily; Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; California province, primarily; Continent only; All species.
Residency: Resident.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Bottom; Bottom only;
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Names | |
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References |
- Balart , E. F. , Castro-Aguirre , J. L. and De Lachica-Bonilla, F., 1997., Análisis comparativo de las comunidades ícticas de fondos blandos y someros de la Bahía de La Paz, B.C. S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:177-188.
- Bellido-Millán, J.M. and Villavicencio-Garayzar, C.J., 2002., Pesqueria artesanal de tiburon en la region central del Golfo de California. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:143-152.
- Breder, C.M. Jr., 1928., Scientific results of the second oceanographic expedition of the "Pawnee" 1926. Elasmobranchii from Panama to Lower California., Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Collect. Yale Univ., 2(1):1-13.
- Castro-Aguirre , J. L. and Balart, E. F., 1997., Contribución al conocimiento de la ictiofauna de fondos blandos y someros de la Ensenada de La Paz y Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:139-150.
- Compagno, L.J.V., 1999., Checklist of living elasmobranchs. In Hamlett W.C. (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes., The John Hopkins University Press:471-498.
- Compagno, L.J.V., 1984., Sharks of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO Species Catalogue., FAO Fish. Synop. No 125, 4(2):251-655.
- De la Cruz , J. , Galvan , F. , Abitia , L. A. , Rodriguez , J. and Gutierrez, F. J., 1994., Lista sistematica de los peces marinos de Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico). Systematic List of marine fishes from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico)., Ciencias Marinas, 20:17-31.
- Eschmeyer , W. N. , Herald , E. S. and Hamman, H., 1983., A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Peterson Field Guide Ser. 28., Houghton Mifflin:336pp.
- Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
- Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1., FAO2:647-1200.
- Galván-Magaña, F., Gutiérrez-Sánchez, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., 2000., The distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the Baja California Sur lagoons. In Aquatic Ecosystems of Mexico: Status and Scope. Eds. M. Manuwar, S.G. Lawrence, I.F. Manuwar & D.F. Malley. Ecovision World Monograph Series., Backhuys Publishers:383-398.
- Gill, T.N., 1864., Second contribution to the selachology of California., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 16:147-151.
- Jordan , D.S. and Gilbert, C.H., 1880., Notes on a collection of fishes from San Diego, California., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 3:23-34.
- Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
- Madrid Vera , J. , Ruíz Luna , A. and Rosado Bravo, I., 1998., Peces de la plataforma continental de Michoacán y sus relaciones regionales en el Pacífico mexicano., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 42(2):267-276.
- Pérez Jiménez, J.C., Sosa Nishizaki, O., Castillo Geniz, J.L., 2005., A new Eastern North Pacific smoothhound shark (Genus Mustelus, Family Triakidae) from the Gulf of California., Copeia, 2005:834-845.
- Ramírez Rodríguez, M., 1997., Producción pesquera en la Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:273-282.
- Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
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Acknowledgements | |
I thank Ashley MacDonald and John Pickering, University of Georgia, for technical support in building this page.
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Following modified from FishBase
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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Mustelus&speciesname=californicus ---> http://fishbase.de/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Mustelus&speciesname=californicus
http://fishbase.de/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Mustelus&speciesname=californicus ---> https://fishbase.de/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Mustelus&speciesname=californicus
https://fishbase.de/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Mustelus&speciesname=californicus ---> http://fishbase.de/summary/Mustelus-californicus.html
http://fishbase.de/summary/Mustelus-californicus.html ---> https://fishbase.de/summary/Mustelus-californicus.html
Mustelus californicus, Gray smoothhound : fisheries, gamefish
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Mustelus californicus
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Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) >
Carcharhiniformes
(Ground sharks) >
Triakidae
(Houndsharks) > Triakinae
Etymology:
Mustelus:
Latin for weasel, an ancient name for sharks, possibly referring to the pointed snouts, swift movements and/or rapacious feeding behavior of smaller predatory sharks [strictly not tautonymous with
Squalus mustelus
Linnaeus 1758 since type was designated by the ICZN]. (
See ETYFish
)
;
californicus:
-icus
(L.), belonging to: California, referring to its common occurrence along the coast of California (USA). (
See ETYFish
)
.
More on author:
Gill
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 0 - 200 m (Ref.
55308
), usually 2 - 46 m (Ref.
55308
). Subtropical; 40°N - 23°N, 126°W - 109°W (Ref.
55308
)
Eastern Pacific: northern California, USA to the Gulf of California. At the southern part of its range, this species is sympatric with
Mustelus lunulatus
, but the two are readily distinguishable.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
78.1
, range 85 - ? cm
Max length : 116 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
244
); 124.0 cm TL (female); max. reported age: 9 years (Ref.
6098
)
A common inshore and offshore shark found on the continental shelves, and entering shallow muddy bays. Feeds mostly on crabs, including cancrids and grapsids, ghost shrimp, innkeeper (echiuroid) worms (
Urechis
), and small fish (herring and midshipmen,
Porichthys
). Viviparous (with a yolk-sac placenta), with 2 to 5 young in a litter. Utilized for human consumption.
Viviparous with a yolk-sac placenta (Ref.
244
).
Compagno, L.J.V.
, 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref.
244
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Least Concern (LC)
; Date assessed:
19 March 2014
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 15.1 - 23.3, mean 20.9 °C (based on 46 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00224 (0.00105 - 0.00478), b=3.14 (2.97 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.5 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.4 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Very Low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (K=0.22-0.35; tm=1.3-2.1; tmax=12; Fec=2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Medium
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 20.7 [5.6, 105.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.522 [0.162, 2.021] mg/100g; Protein = 21.8 [19.4, 24.1] %; Omega3 = 0.139 [0.057, 0.331] g/100g; Selenium = 42.6 [12.0, 151.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.54 [1.87, 15.85] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.595 [0.263, 1.199] mg/100g (wet weight);
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on line
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