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Body elongate, oval; snout short, almost vertical; adult with long, broad-based tapering horn before eye; 2 pairs of moderate sized cutting keels on plates on narrow tail base; pelvics I, 3; 2 anal spines; 4-7 dorsal fin spines; teeth small, conical, with tips slightly depressed, smooth or with slight denticulations; tail straight to slightly rounded, without filaments; dorsal VI, 27-29; anal II, 27-29; pectoral 16-17 rays.
Olive-brown to grey; many small dark spots on head and lower body, many thin dark bars on upper body; tail whitish with dark spot at base.
Size: 60 cm.
Habitat: reefs and rocky shores; juveniles in sheltered habitats; adults in mid-water around exposed reef fronts.
Depth: 0-45 m; juveniles usually 2-20 m; adults usually 5-30 m.
An Indo-Pacific species; recorded as a vagrant in the Galapagos Islands.
Attributes Abundance: Common. Cites: Not listed. Climate Zone: Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo). Depth Range Max: 45 m. Depth Range Min: 0 m. Diet: pelagic fish larvae; benthic microalgae; zooplankton; benthic macroalgae. Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=2; Southern limit=-2; Western limit=-93; Eastern limit=-90; Latitudinal range=4; Longitudinal range=3. Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva. Feeding Group: Herbivore; Planktivore. FishBase Habitat: Reef Associated. Global Endemism: All Pacific (West + Central + East); Indo-Pacific only (Indian + Pacific Oceans); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species. Habitat: Corals; Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom); Rocks; Reef (rock &/or coral); Reef only. Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only. IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed. Length Max: 60 cm. Regional Endemism: Island (s) only; Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species. Residency: Vagrant. Salinity: Marine; Marine Only. Water Column Position: Bottom; Mid Water; Near Bottom; Near Surface; Bottom + water column;
Cuvier , G. and Valenciennes, A., 1835., Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome dixième. Suite du livre neuvième. Scombéroïdes. Livre dixième. De la famille des Teuthyes. Livre onzième. De la famille des Taenioïdes. Livre douzième. Des Athérines., Histoire Naturelle Des Poissons, 10:1-482.
McCosker , J.E. and Humann, P.H., 1996., New records of Galápagos fishes., Charles Darwin Foundation, Noticias de Galápagos., 56:18-26.
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to the Hawaiian, Marquesas and Ducie islands, north to southern Japan, south to Lord Howe Island (Ref.
1602
); exxcluding Oman and Persian Gulf (Ref.
86689
). Eastern Central Pacific: Galápagos Islands.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
?
range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
9808
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 6;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 27-29;
Anal
spines
: 2;
Anal
soft rays
: 27 - 30. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body moderately deep and compressed, its depth 2.6 to 3 times in standard length (SL) (reported greatest depth of body in subadults at 2.3 in SL, Ref. 90102); dorsal profile of body uniformly convex; adults with a median, broad-based, tapering, horn-like projection extending directly anteriorly from snout at level of lower part of eye to more than 1/2 head length in front of mouth (first developing as a bump on forehead of young of about 10 cm SL; dorsal profile of snout from upper lip to base of horn very short, curved, and nearly vertical; mouth small; teeth small, spatulate, with denticulate edges, about 50 in each jaw; a continuous unnotched D VI,27-29; A II,27-30; pectoral-fin rays 15-17; pelvic fins I,3; caudal fin slightly rounded, without a filament from each corner; 2 bony plates on each side of caudal peduncle, developing moderate keels with age; colour of body olivaceous grey-brown to light grey, usually with vertical dark brown lines on body which break into small spots dorsally and ventrally; some individuals only with small dark spots; head with small dark brown spots or short irregular lines which become long and oblique on horn (dark markings on one pale phase may be faint or absent; in another phase the anterior third of the body may be distinctly paler than the rest); caudal fin whitish with a large diffuse dark blotch centrobasally in fin (Ref.
9808
).
Inhabit mid-waters along steep outer lagoon and seaward reef drop-offs. Also found along rocky shores (Ref.
30573
,
48637
). Benthopelagic (Ref.
58302
). Usually in small groups but form large schools in oceanic locations or on reefs subject to strong currents (Ref.
48637
). Juveniles and subadults feed on benthic algae; adults feed on zooplankton. Pair spawning has been observed. Caught with nets (Ref.
30573
). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 24.3 - 29, mean 27.8 °C (based on 1558 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01950 (0.01248 - 0.03047), b=3.02 (2.89 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 2.2 ±0.15 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.402; Tmax=25).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Low to moderate vulnerability (33 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Medium
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 36 [22, 64] mg/100g; Iron = 0.575 [0.293, 0.985] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [17.6, 19.8] %; Omega3 = 0.135 [0.087, 0.248] g/100g; Selenium = 47.8 [26.1, 83.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 40 [13, 122] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.31 [0.90, 1.85] mg/100g (wet weight);
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