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Platichthys flesus, European flounder : fisheries, aquaculture, gamefish
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Platichthys flesus
Picture by
Muséum-Aquarium de Nancy/D. Terver
Teleostei (teleosts) >
Pleuronectiformes
(Flatfishes) >
Pleuronectidae
(Righteye flounders) > Pleuronectinae
Etymology:
Platichthys:
Greek, platys = flat + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref.
45335
)
.
More on author:
Linnaeus
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; freshwater; brackish; demersal; pH range: 7.5 - 8.2; catadromous (Ref.
51243
); depth range 1 - 100 m (Ref.
35388
). Temperate; 5°C - 25°C (Ref.
13614
); 72°N - 30°N, 32°W - 45°E (Ref.
54704
)
Eastern Atlantic: coastal and brackish waters of western Europe and from the White Sea to the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Ref.
4705
, Ref.
51442
). Introduced into the USA and Canada accidentally through transport in ballast water (Ref.
1739
). Asia: Iran (Ref.
39702
).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
22.4
, range 14 - 30 cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
35388
); common length : 50.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
30578
); max. published weight: 2.9 kg (Ref.
104349
); max. reported age: 15 years (Ref.
3944
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 53-62;
Anal
spines
: 0;
Anal
soft rays
: 37 - 46. Flatfish, its disc width less than half its length (Ref.
3137
). Small mouth (Ref.
3137
, Ref.
51442
). Eyes mostly (70%) on right side (Ref.
3137
,
51442
), 79% of dextrally oriented flounder (n = 1076) in Bos, 2000 (Ref.
57574
). Rough skin, especially along the lateral line and the basis of the dorsal and anal fin (Ref.
3137
). Lateral line straight, slightly rounded over pectorals (Ref.
3137
). Green-olive colored (Ref.
51442
), the bottom side white (Ref.
3137
). Irregular reddish spots on the eye side (Ref.
35388
).
Migratory fish, which is most of the year found in estuaries (Ref.
51442
). Adults occur on mud and sand bottom in shallow water, at sea and brackish; often entering freshwaters (Ref.
59043
). During winter, adults retreat to deeper, warmer waters, where they spawn in spring (Ref.
30193
). The growing larvae are moving to the coast (Ref.
51442
). Larvae and early juveniles use selective tidal transport to migrate upstream rivers (Ref.
57575
) using a range of triggers such as salinity, prey density and water temperature (Ref.
57573
,
57574
). Juveniles live in shallow coastal waters and estuaries (Ref.
57574
), which are also the summer feeding grounds for the adults (Ref.
30193
). Juveniles of less than a year old feed on plankton and larvae of insects, juveniles of more than a year and adults feed on benthic fauna (Ref.
51442
), including small fishes and invertebrates (Ref.
30193
). Nocturnal and burrowing (Ref.
30193
). Marketed fresh and frozen; can be steamed, fried, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref.
9988
). Worms and mollusks are excellent baits for line fishing (Ref.
30578
).
Spawns in the water column (Ref.
7471
). Produces 400,000 to 2,000,000 eggs for each female (Ref.
51442
).
Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe
, 2018. Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref.
122998
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Least Concern (LC)
; Date assessed:
04 February 2009
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: experimental; gamefish: yes
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; Fisheries:
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,
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 7.2 - 14.2, mean 10.2 °C (based on 862 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00759 (0.00672 - 0.00857), b=3.07 (3.03 - 3.11), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.3 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.4 (3.1 - 5.5) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 13
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.22-0.3; tm=2-5; tmax=15; Fec= 2 million).
Prior r = 0.56, 95% CL = 0.36 - 0.86, Based on 5 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Very high
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 33.1 [14.0, 58.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.26 [0.13, 0.49] mg/100g; Protein = 17.8 [15.6, 19.8] %; Omega3 = 0.322 [0.161, 0.627] g/100g; Selenium = 14.7 [7.4, 32.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.9 [1.9, 26.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.509 [0.347, 0.750] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
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