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Found in clear lagoon and seaward reefs. Juveniles in brackish habitats or shallow turbid coastal areas (Ref.
9710
). Adults usually solitary, occasionally in pairs; on deep reefs or with sea mounts (Ref.
48635
). At Palau, aggregates to spawn about once a year around new moon of April or May (Ref.
37816
).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref.
205
).
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 25.4 - 29.2, mean 28.4 °C (based on 634 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.00670 - 0.02842), b=3.00 (2.83 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.0 ±0.66 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Very Low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): High to very high vulnerability (73 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 20 [7, 40] mg/100g; Iron = 0.418 [0.215, 0.807] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [17.9, 21.6] %; Omega3 = 0.126 [0.068, 0.218] g/100g; Selenium = 36.9 [20.1, 63.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 58.9 [20.1, 175.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.04 [0.71, 1.53] mg/100g (wet weight);
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Laguna, Philippines
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