1.
Pontederia cordata
Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 208. 1753.
Pontédérie cordée, langue du boeuf
Narukila cordata (Linnaeus) Nieuwland; Pontederia angustifolia Pursh; P. cordata var. lanceolata (Nuttall) Grisebach; P. cordata var. lancifolia (Muhlenberg ex Elliott) L. B. Case; P. lanceolata Nuttall; P. lancifolia Muhlenberg ex Elliott; Unisema cordata (Linnaeus) Farwell
Plants perennial, rooted in mud. Vegetative stems contracted, rhizomatous. Flowering stems erect, to 120 cm. Sessile leaves: blade linear. Petiolate leaves emersed; stipule 7—29 cm; petiole distinctly constricted just below blade, to 60 cm; blade lanceolate to cordate, 6—22 × 0.7—12 cm. Spikes with up to several hundred flowers, 2—15 cm; spathes 5—17 cm. Perianth mauve, tube 3—9 mm, limb lobes oblanceolate, 5—8 mm, distal central lobe with 2-lobed yellow spot; proximal stamens 7—13 mm, distal 1.5—6.3 mm; style 3-lobed. Utricles with dentate ridges, 4—6 × 2—3 mm.
Flowering Mar--Nov in Florida; flowering season shorter farther north. Pond and lake margins; 0--500 m; N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Mexico; Central America (Belize); South America.
Pontederia cordata has a large number of synonyms, at the levels of species, variety, and form (see R. M. Lowden 1973 for most names). Almost all these names are based on variations in leaf shape, but extensive morphological variation has been observed within single populations and even in individual plants. Study is needed to determine the cause of the extreme leaf base forms of cuneate on lanceolate blades and cordate on ovate blades. Variation has also been observed in peduncle pubescence. A velutinous peduncle and ovate leaf blade with slightly cuneate base is consistently found among some South American populations, hence recognition there of var. ovalis (Martius) Solms.
The reproductive biology of Pontederia cordata has been well studied (R. Ornduff 1966; S. D. Price and S. C. H. Barrett 1982, 1984). It is a tristylous species, and most populations contain all three morphs (S. D. Price and S. C. H. Barrett 1982). At least some degree of self-incompatibility exists, being strongest with the short-style morphs and weakest with the midstyle morphs (R. Ornduff 1966).
