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Overview |
Main identification features
- pectorals - 1st 2 rays unbranched
- pectoral: dark outer 1/2 + clear margin
- dorsal and anal finsclear
- pelvics and tail fin dark
Snout very short; head wide and flat on top; distance between eyes 3X eye; eye large, 1/3 head length; body robust, little compressed; pectoral reaches past anal base; lateral line without branch to pectoral base; pelvic origin closer to anal origin than pectoral base, fin reaches past anal fin; origin of anal under or behind 3rd dorsal ray; first 2 pectoral rays unbranched; juveniles without chin barbels; 26 scales before dorsal fin; 7.5 scales between lateral line and dorsal.
Dark iridescent blue to green above, abruptly silver-white below; dorsal and anal clear; pectorals with pale inner 1/2, dusky outer 1/2, narrow clear margin; pelvics dusky to black, especially in centers; tail dusky.
Size: 16 cm.
Habitat: inshore pelagic.
Depth: surface, 0-5 m?
A Pacific species; the Gulf of California to Ecuador, the Revillagigedos, Malpelo and the Galapagos.
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo).
Depth Range Max: 5 m.
Depth Range Min: 0 m.
Diet: zooplankton; pelagic fish larvae; pelagic fish eggs.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=27; Southern limit=-3; Western limit=-115; Eastern limit=-78; Latitudinal range=30; Longitudinal range=37.
Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Planktivore.
FishBase Habitat: Pelagic.
Global Endemism: All Pacific (West + Central + East); TEP non-endemic; All species.
Habitat: Water column.
Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Offshore; In & Offshore.
IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed.
Length Max: 16 cm.
Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species.
Residency: Resident.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Surface; Water column only;
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Names |
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Links to other sites |
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References |
- Breder, C.M. Jr., 1928., Scientific results of the second oceanographic expedition of the "Pawnee" 1926. Nematognathi, Apodes, Isospondyli, Synentognathi, and Thoracostraci from Panama to Lower California with a generic analysis of the Exocoetidae., Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Collect. Yale Univ., 2(2):1-25.
- Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
- Castro-Aguirre, J.L. and Balart, E.F., 2002., La ictiofauna de las islas Revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas, con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:153-170.
- Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
- Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1., FAO2:647-1200.
- Fowler, H.W., 1944., Results of the Fifth George Vanderbilt Expedition (1941) (Bahamas, Caribbean sea, Panama, Galapagos Archipelago and Mexican Pacific Islands). The Fishes., Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel., Monographs, 6:57-529.
- Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
- Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
- Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
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Acknowledgements |
I thank Ashley MacDonald and John Pickering, University of Georgia, for technical support in building this page.
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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Prognichthys&speciesname=tringa ---> http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Prognichthys&speciesname=tringa http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Prognichthys&speciesname=tringa ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Prognichthys&speciesname=tringa https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Prognichthys&speciesname=tringa ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/summary/Prognichthys-tringa.html
Prognichthys tringa, Tringa flyingfish
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Prognichthys tringa
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Teleostei (teleosts) >
Beloniformes
(Needle fishes) >
Exocoetidae
(Flyingfishes)
Etymology:
Prognichthys:
Taken from Progne, name of Philomela´s sister, transformed into a swallow in the Greek mithology + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref.
45335
)
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; pelagic-neritic; oceanodromous; depth range 0 - ? m. Tropical; 28°N - 1°S
Eastern Central Pacific: Gulf of California to Ecuador.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
 
?
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 16.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref.
9300
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 9-11;
Anal
spines
: 0;
Anal
soft rays
: 7 - 9;
Vertebrae
: 39 - 43. Branchiostegal rays: 8-11 (Ref.
36606
).
Epipelagic and neritic in coastal waters (Ref.
36606
). May leap out of the water and glide for considerable distances from the surface. Oviparous, with planktonic larvae (Ref.
36606
). Eggs are presumably attached to one another or floating objects via filaments (Ref.
36606
).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Oviparous (Ref.
36606
).
Parin, N.V.
, 1995. Exocoetidae. Peces voladores. p. 1091-1103. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref.
9300
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Least Concern (LC)
; Date assessed:
01 May 2008
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 15.9 - 26.1, mean 21.4 °C (based on 34 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00292 - 0.01429), b=3.04 (2.84 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.4 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
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- 20 July 2016
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Updated: 2024-04-19 03:43:33 gmt
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