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Overview |
Main identification features
Cylindrical and slender; head short; snout long, conical, bulbous; eyes very large; mouth large, ventral, protrusible; teeth large, two rows at front on each jaw, long and awl-like at front; gill slits: 5, long, none over pectoral; first dorsal low, triangular, between pectoral and pelvic; second dorsal smaller, between pelvics and anal; pectoral small, short, broad; tail asymmetric, upper lobe long, lower lobe short; tail base with keel
Light to dark grey above, paler below; fins with white borders; sometimes white spots and a white patch behind mouth.
Size: 110 cm.
Habitat: oceanic.
Depth: 0-590 m.
Probably circumtropical; in our area off Baja and from El Salvador to northern Peru.
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ); North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap).
Depth Range Max: 590 m.
Depth Range Min: 0 m.
Diet: bony fishes; Pelagic crustacea; octopus/squid/cuttlefish.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=33; Southern limit=-7; Western limit=-118; Eastern limit=-78; Latitudinal range=40; Longitudinal range=40.
Egg Type: Live birth; No pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Carnivore.
FishBase Habitat: Pelagic.
Global Endemism: Circumtropical ( Indian + Pacific + Atlantic Oceans); East Pacific + Atlantic (East +/or West); East Pacific + East (not West) Atlantic; All Pacific (West + Central + East); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species.
Habitat: Water column.
Inshore Offshore: Offshore; Offshore Only.
IUCN Red List: Near threatened; Listed.
Length Max: 110 cm.
Regional Endemism: Continent only; Continent; Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species.
Residency: Resident.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Mid Water; Near Surface; Surface; Water column only;
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Names |
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Links to other sites |
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References |
- Compagno, L.J.V., 1999., Checklist of living elasmobranchs. In Hamlett W.C. (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes., The John Hopkins University Press:471-498.
- Compagno, L.J.V., 1984., Sharks of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of sharks species known to date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Species Catalogue., FAO Fish. Synop. No 125, 4(1):1-249.
- Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1., FAO2:647-1200.
- Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
- Matsubara,., 1936., A new carcharoid shark found in Japan., Dobutsugaku Zasshi [Zool. Mag. Tokyo], 48:380-382.
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Acknowledgements |
I thank Ashley MacDonald and John Pickering, University of Georgia, for technical support in building this page.
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Following modified from Australian Faunal Directory
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Following modified from Taiwan Biodiversity National Information Network
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&pull 20q v5.145 20180528: Error 301 Moved Permanently http://taibnet.sinica.edu.tw/eng/taibnet_species_detail.php?gen=Pseudocarcharias&spe=kamoharai |
Following modified from FishBase
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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Pseudocarcharias&speciesname=kamoharai ---> http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Pseudocarcharias&speciesname=kamoharai http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Pseudocarcharias&speciesname=kamoharai ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Pseudocarcharias&speciesname=kamoharai https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Pseudocarcharias&speciesname=kamoharai ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/summary/Pseudocarcharias-kamoharai.html
Pseudocarcharias kamoharai, Crocodile shark : fisheries
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Pseudocarcharias kamoharai
Picture by
Randall, J.E.
Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) >
Lamniformes
(Mackerel sharks) >
Pseudocarchariidae
(Crocodile sharks)
Etymology:
Pseudocarcharias:
pseudo-
, from
pseudes
(Gr.), false, proposed as a subgenus of Carcharias (Odontaspididae). (
See ETYFish
)
;
kamoharai:
In honor of ichthyologist Toshiji Kamohara (1901-1972), Kochi University, who secured type at a fish market and presented it to Matsubara. (
See ETYFish
)
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromous (Ref.
51243
); depth range 0 - 590 m (Ref.
6871
), usually 0 - 200 m (Ref.
54740
). Subtropical; 40°N - 40°S, 180°W - 180°E
Tropical and subtropical waters of all oceans.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
91.6
, range 89 - ? cm
Max length : 110 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
43278
); 122.0 cm TL (female); common length : 100.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
13569
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 0;
Anal
spines
: 0;
Anal
soft rays
: 0. A medium-sized spindle-shaped shark with very large eyes lacking a nictitating membrane, long gill slits extending onto dorsal surface of head, lanceolate teeth, weak keel and precaudal pits on caudal peduncle (Ref.
6871
,
43278
). Small and low dorsal fins, with second dorsal fin less than half the size of the first but larger than the anal fin (Ref.
6871
). Pectoral fin broad and rounded (Ref.
6871
). Light or dark grey above, paler below, fins white-edged, sometimes with small white spots on body and a white blotch between mouth and gill slits (Ref.
13569
).
An oceanic species usually found offshore and far from land but sometimes occurring inshore (Ref.
9993
,
43278
,
58302
). Epi- and mesopelagic, with occasional near-bottom occurrences (Ref.
43278
,
58302
). Although considered not dangerous to people, its powerful jaws, jaw muscles and teeth invite respect. Flesh not appreciated and therefore the catch is usually discarded (Ref.
247
); utilized for its large, squalene-rich liver (Ref.
9993
). Feeds on small pelagic bony fishes, squids and shrimps (Ref.
5578
). Ovoviviparous, embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother (Ref.
50449
). With 4 young in a litter, born at 40 to 43 cm TL (Ref.
12288
). Maximum length for female given in Romanove et.al 1994 (Ref.
44781
). Common bycatch of tuna longline fisheries, and occasionally tuna gillnet fisheries (Ref.58048).
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother (oophagy) after the yolk sac is absorbed (Ref.
50449
). With 4 young in a litter, born at 40-43 cm (Ref.
11228
).
Compagno, L.J.V.
, 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. (Ref.
247
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Least Concern (LC)
; Date assessed:
09 November 2018
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 16.3 - 28.2, mean 24.9 °C (based on 3402 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 1.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00180 - 0.00842), b=3.12 (2.94 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.5 ±0.58 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 8.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Very Low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (tm=5.1; K=0.14; tmax=13; Fec=4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Unknown
.
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Updated: 2024-03-28 23:35:26 gmt
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