www.fao.org Copyright Michel Lamboeuf · 0
Pteroplatytrygon violacea |
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- Australian Faunal Directory
- FishBase
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Overview | |
Main identification features
Disc broad, wedge-shaped, about as wide as long, front broadly convex, sides straight; snout relatively long (8-15% of disc width); mouth slightly arched, floor of mouth with cross row of 10-12 fleshy papillae, teeth with quadrangular bases, low sharp tips; tail longer than disc width, with thick base, tapering to a slender point, with one long large serrated venomous spine; tail without a dorsal ridge, with a ventral fleshy ridge from tail origin to the base of the spine.
Upper surface dark purple to green-blue; lower surface paler, greyish purple to greenish blue.
Size: 163 cm long, 80 cm disc width.
Habitat: pelagic, continental shelf and open ocean, occasionally nearshore.
Depth: 0-250 m.
Probably circumtropical; southern California to Peru , except the Gulf of California, all the oceanic islands.
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ).
Depth Range Max: 250 m.
Depth Range Min: 0 m.
Diet: pelagic jellyfish/ctenophores; bony fishes; Pelagic crustacea; octopus/squid/cuttlefish.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=33; Southern limit=-9; Western limit=-118; Eastern limit=-78; Latitudinal range=42; Longitudinal range=40.
Egg Type: Live birth; No pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Carnivore.
FishBase Habitat: Pelagic.
Global Endemism: Circumtropical ( Indian + Pacific + Atlantic Oceans); East Pacific + Atlantic (East +/or West); Transisthmian (East Pacific + Atlantic of Central America); East Pacific + all Atlantic (East+West); All Pacific (West + Central + East); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species.
Habitat: Water column.
Inshore Offshore: Offshore; Offshore Only.
IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed.
Length Max: 163 cm.
Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species.
Residency: Resident.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Mid Water; Near Bottom; Water column only;
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Names | |
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Links to other sites | |
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References |
- Bonaparte, C. L., 1832., Iconografia delle fauna italica per le quattro classi degli animali vertebrati. Tomo III. Pesci. Roma. [Issued in puntate, without pagination; total of 556 pp., 78 pls. Reorganized in book form without pagination but with table of contents.]., Iconografia, v. 3, (Fasc. 1):1-6.
- Compagno, L.J.V., 1999., Checklist of living elasmobranchs. In Hamlett W.C. (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes., The John Hopkins University Press:471-498.
- Eschmeyer , W. N. , Herald , E. S. and Hamman, H., 1983., A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Peterson Field Guide Ser. 28., Houghton Mifflin:336pp.
- Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
- Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1., FAO2:647-1200.
- Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
- Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
- Smith , M. M. and Heemstra, P., 1986., Smith's Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan South Africa. 1047 pp., Macmillan South Africa:1047pp.
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Acknowledgements | |
I thank Ashley MacDonald and John Pickering, University of Georgia, for technical support in building this page.
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Following modified from Australian Faunal Directory
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| &pull 20q v5.145 20180528: Error 301 Moved Permanently http://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/d5defe7a-e061-4a91-a7f5-864c195f2200 |
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Following modified from FishBase
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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Pteroplatytrygon&speciesname=violacea ---> http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Pteroplatytrygon&speciesname=violacea
http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Pteroplatytrygon&speciesname=violacea ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Pteroplatytrygon&speciesname=violacea
https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Pteroplatytrygon&speciesname=violacea ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/summary/Pteroplatytrygon-violacea.html
Pteroplatytrygon violacea, Pelagic stingray
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Pteroplatytrygon violacea
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Mollet, H.F.
Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes
(Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae
(Stingrays) > Dasyatinae
Etymology:
Pteroplatytrygon:
Greek, pteron = wing, fin + Greek,platys = flat + Greek, trygon = a sting ray (Ref.
45335
)
;
violacea:
From the Latin 'viola' meaning violet.
.
More on author:
Bonaparte
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; pelagic-oceanic; depth range 1 - 381 m (Ref.
58302
), usually 1 - 100 m (Ref.
55209
). Subtropical; 52°N - 50°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref.
55209
)
Probably cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical seas. Eastern Pacific: Reported from Vancouver (Ref.
11980
), from California (USA), Baja California (Mexico) to Chile, and the Galapagos Is. (Ref.
9068
). Western Atlantic (Ref.
7251
). Eastern Atlantic: Southeastern coasts of the Mediterranean and off Sicily; Reported from Cape Verde (Ref.
34514
). Indian Ocean.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
45.0
, range 40 - 50 cm
Max length : 96.0 cm WD male/unsexed; (Ref.
48844
); common length : 80.0 cm WD male/unsexed; (Ref.
9254
)
A thick, dark stingray with a broadly rounded snout and an angular pectoral disc; tail less than twice body length with a long lower caudal finfold ending far in front of tail tip, but with no upper finfold; disc without thorns; usually 1 extremely long sting on tail; eyes do not protrude (Ref.
5578
). Uniformly violet, purple, or dark blue-green dorsally and ventrally (Ref.
3263
). No prominent markings (Ref.
3263
).
Found in open, tropical and warm temperate waters usually in the first 100 m. Possibly the only totally pelagic member of the family (Ref.
6871
). Feeds on coelenterates (including medusae), squid, decapod crustaceans, and fish. Ovoviviparous (Ref.
50449
). Venomous spine on tail. Common catch of the pelagic tuna (and shark) longline and gillnet fisheries (drift, Ref.
75025
) operating throughout the region (Ref.
58048
); also by purse-seine and bottom trawls (Ref.
75025
). Utilized for its meat and sometimes cartilage (Ref.58048). Total length 110 TL (80 cm WD) (Ref.
9254
).
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref.
50449
). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref.
205
). With 2 (Ref.58048) to 9 young born at 15-25 cm WD (Ref.
26346
); after a gestation period of 4 months (Ref.58048).
Compagno, L.J.V.
, 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref.
35766
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Least Concern (LC)
; Date assessed:
09 November 2018
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Venomous (Ref.
9254
)
Human uses
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 12 - 28.6, mean 24.8 °C (based on 5148 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00265 - 0.01571), b=3.06 (2.86 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.4 ±0.54 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Very Low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (K=0.18 (captivity); Fec=1-9 (could probably have 2 litters per year)).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 19.5 [4.9, 91.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.96 [0.25, 2.71] mg/100g; Protein = 22.8 [19.9, 25.8] %; Omega3 = 0.354 [0.107, 1.041] g/100g; Selenium = 20.5 [5.9, 52.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.6 [5.9, 43.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.475 [0.235, 0.879] mg/100g (wet weight);
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Updated: 2024-04-19 11:58:01 gmt
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