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Dorsal rays IX, 10; anal rays III, 9; pectoral rays 15, 13 (rarely 14) branched; median predorsal scales usually 6, their size decreasing anteriorly; 3 rows of scales on cheek, upper 2 rows with 5-7 (usually 6) scales, lower row 2-3 (usually 2) scales; forehead without hump in adults; tail fin slightly emarginate in small initial phase fish to strongly concave in terminal males.
Initial phase overall yellowish to yellowish green with five irregular scale blue to whitish bars on side; terminal males blue greenish on back with salmon-pink scale edges, lower side largely salmon pink with green scale margins; a pair of blue bands on chin. Juveniles pale with yellowish hue, either striped (3 dark stripes along body) or barred (5 narrow blue-white spotted bars); vertical fins orange-yellow.
Size: grows to 90 cm.
Habitat: usually seen on shallow reefs and adjacent sand-rubble areas.
Depth: 1-35 m.
Widespread in the tropical Indo-Pacific from East Africa to the Americas; SW Gulf of California, central Mexico to Ecuador, including the Galapagos, Cocos and Malpelo.
Attributes Abundance: Common. Cites: Not listed. Climate Zone: Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo). Depth Range Max: 35 m. Depth Range Min: 1 m. Diet: benthic microalgae; detritus. Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=27; Southern limit=-3; Western limit=-112; Eastern limit=-78; Latitudinal range=30; Longitudinal range=34. Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva. Feeding Group: Herbivore; Omnivore. FishBase Habitat: Reef Associated. Global Endemism: All Pacific (West + Central + East); Indo-Pacific only (Indian + Pacific Oceans); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species. Habitat: Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom); Rocks; Reef (rock &/or coral); Reef only. Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only. IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed. Length Max: 90 cm. Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species. Residency: Resident. Salinity: Marine; Marine Only. Water Column Position: Bottom; Bottom only;
Aburto-Oropeza , O. and Balart, E. F., 2001., Community structure of reef fish in several habitats of a rocky reef in the Gulf of California., Marine Ecology, 22:283-305.
Acosta Salmón , H. and Martínez Fernández, E., 2000., Propuesta preliminar ... de concha nacar (Pteria sterna Gould, 1851) en la Bahía de la Paz, Baja California Sur, México. En Aburto Oropeza, O. y C. A. Sánchez Ortiz (Eds.). Recursos arrecifales del Golfo de California, …., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:95-106.
Bellwood , D. R. and Choat, J. H., 1989., A description of the juvenile phase colour patterns of 24 parrotfish species (Family Scarida) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia., Records of the Australian Museum, 41:1-41.
Bellwood, D. R., 1991., A phylogenetic study of the parrotfishes family Scaridae (Pisces: Labroidei), with a revision of genera., Records of the Australian Museum, 20:1-86.
Breder, C.M. Jr., 1936., Scientific results of the second oceanographic expedition of the "Pawnee" 1926. Heterosomata to Pediculati from Panama to Lower California., Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Collect. Yale Univ., 2(3):1-56.
Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
Castro-Aguirre , J. L. , Balart , E. F. and Arvizu-Martínez, J., 1995., Contribución al conocimiento del origen y distribución de la ictiofauna del Golfo de California, México., Hidrobiologica, 5:57-78.
Edgar, G.J. Banks, S., Fariña, J.M., Calvopiña, M. and Martínez, C., 2004., Regional biogeography of shallow reef fish and macro-invertebrate communities in the Galapagos archipelago., Journal of Biogeography, 31:1107-1124.
Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen III. Vertebrados - Parte 2., FAO3:1201-1813.
Forsskål, P., 1775., Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit... Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae., Descr. Animalium, :1-164.
Galván-Magaña, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., Pérez-España, H., Chávez-Ramos, H., 1996., Systematics list of the fishes from Cerralvo island, Baja California Sur, Mexico., Ciencias Marinas, 22:295-311.
Galván-Magaña, F., Gutiérrez-Sánchez, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., 2000., The distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the Baja California Sur lagoons. In Aquatic Ecosystems of Mexico: Status and Scope. Eds. M. Manuwar, S.G. Lawrence, I.F. Manuwar & D.F. Malley. Ecovision World Monograph Series., Backhuys Publishers:383-398.
Gotshall, D.W., 1996., Fishes of Rocas Alijos. In Rocas Alijos. Ed. R. W. Schmieder. Cornell Expeditions., Kluwer Academic Publishers: 347-354.
Heller , E. and Snodgrass, R.E., 1903., Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898-1899. XV. New fishes., Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5:189-229.
Humann, P., 1993., Reef Fish Identification: Galapagos., New World Publishing:192pp.
Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
Lopez , M. I. and Bussing, W. A., 1982., Lista provisional de los peces marinos de la Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 30(1):5-26.
Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
McCosker , J.E. and Rosenblatt, R.H., 1985., The inshore fish fauna of the Galápagos Islands. In Key Environments-Galápagos, ed. R. Perry., Pergamon Press:133-144.
Meek , S.E. and Hildebrand, S.F., 1928., The marine fishes of Panama. Part III., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser. Publ., XV:709-1045.
Molina, L., Danulat, E., Oviedo, M., González, J.A., 2004., Guía de especies de interés pesquero en la Reserva Marina de Galápagos., Fundación Charles Darwin / Agencia Espeñola de Cooperación Internacional / Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos, 115pp.
Osburn , R. C. and Nichols, J. T., 1916., Shore Fishes Collected by the 'Albatross' Expedition in Lower California with Descriptions of New Species., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35:139-181.
Ramírez Rodríguez, M., 1997., Producción pesquera en la Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:273-282.
Rosenblatt , R.H. , McCosker , J.E. and Rubinoff, I., 1972., Indo-west Pacific fishes from the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama., Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 234:18pp.
Rubio, E.A., 1986., Notas sobre la ictiofauna de la Isla de Gorgona, Colombia., Boletin Ecotropica. Univ. Bog. Jorge Tadeo Lozano, 13:86-112.
Rubio, E.A., 1988., Estudio taxonomico de la ictiofauna acompañante del camaron en areas costeras del Pacifico de Colombia., Memorias del VI Seminario Nacional de las Ciencias del Mar. Comisión Colombiana de Oceanografía. Bogota, Colombia., :169-183.
Rubio, E.A., 1990., Ictiofauna Indopacifica asociada a los corales de la Isla de Gorgona., Revista de Ciencias, 2:97-105.
Sánchez Ortíz , C. , Arreola Robles , J. L. , Aburto Oropeza , O. and Cortés Hernández, M., 1997., Peces de arrecife en la región de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:189-200.
Thomson , D.A. , Findley , L.T. and Kerstitch, A.N., 2000., Reef fishes of the Sea of Cortez., University of Texas Press(Revised Ed.):353.
Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
Vega, A.J., Villareal, N., 2003., Peces asociados a arrecifes y manglares en el Parque Nacional Coiba., Tecnociencia, 5:65-76.
Villareal-Cavazos, A., Reyes-Bonilla, H., Bermúdez-Almada, B. and Arizpe-Covarrubias, O., 2000., Los peces del arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, Golfo de California, México: Lista sistemática y aspectos de abundancia y biogeografía., Rev. Biol. Trop., 48:413-424.
Teleostei (teleosts) >
Eupercaria/misc
(Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Scaridae
(Parrotfishes) > Scarinae
Etymology:
Scarus:
Greek, skaros = a fish described by anciente writers as a parrot fish; 1601 (Ref.
45335
)
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; reef-associated; depth range 1 - 90 m (Ref.
89642
). Tropical; 31°N - 35°S, 21°E - 77°W
Indo-Pacific: Persian Gulf (Ref.
80050
); Red Sea and Algoa Bay, South Africa (Ref.
5490
) to Rapa and Ducie islands, north to southern Japan, south to Perth, New South Wales. Likely at Seychelles (Ref.
1623
). Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California to Ecuador (Ref.
5227
). Eastern Mediterranean: off the coast of Shiqmona, first Lessepsian immigrant of Family Scaridae (Ref.
45081
).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
?
, range 49 - ? cm
Max length : 75.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
90102
); common length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
55763
); max. reported age: 13 years (Ref.
42001
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 9;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 10;
Anal
spines
: 3;
Anal
soft rays
: 9. This species is distinguished by the following characters: median predorsal scales 6-8 (usually 7); 3 scale rows on cheek, 1(6-7), 2(6-9), 3(3-5); pectoral-fin rays 13-15 (occasionally 15); terminal male usually with 2 conical teeth on side of upper dental plate (female without), with lips mainly covering the plates; caudal fin rounded in small female, with prolonged lobes in large adult. Colour of male dark reddish brown anteriorly with a bright green dot at top end of line from mouth through eye to top of opercular opening; female red on head, belly and fins, side with wavy black and white stripes, and dark green bands around the mouth and eye (Ref.
9793
,
90102
).
Adults inhabit lagoon and seaward reefs (Ref.
1602
), in slopes and drop-offs (Ref.
48636
), often solitary but may sometimes occur in small groups (Ref.
9710
,
48636
). Males common in atolls where they live mainly around the inner and outer edges of barrier reefs at depths of about 30 ft; females prefer deeper habitat (Ref.
4821
). Small juveniles in groups are found inshore on algae reef habitat (Ref.
9710
,
48636
) and sometimes enter silty, murky environments (Ref.
5490
). Feed by scraping algae from rocks and corals (Ref.
5227
). Are protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref.
55367
). Caught with nets and other types of artisanal gear. Marketed fresh (Ref.
5284
). In the Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref.
27253
). Minimum depth reported from Ref. 90102.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref.
205
). Sex change occurs at 29.0 cm TL and 7 years of age (Ref.
55367
).
Parenti, P. and J.E. Randall
, 2000. An annotated checklist of the species of the labroid fish families Labridae and Scaridae. Ichthyol. Bull. J.L.B. Smith Inst. Ichthyol. (68):1-97. (Ref.
35918
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 24.5 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 1802 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01445 (0.01193 - 0.01751), b=3.03 (2.99 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 2.0 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.47; tmax=13).
Prior r = 0.55, 95% CL = 0.36 - 0.83, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): High to very high vulnerability (74 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
High
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 25 [14, 42] mg/100g; Iron = 0.629 [0.410, 0.980] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [16.8, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.0973 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 25.9 [14.6, 41.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 34 [10, 113] μg/100g; Zinc = 2.13 [1.50, 2.72] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
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