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Western Atlantic: northeastern Florida and northern Gulf of Mexico in the USA and the Bahamas to Campeche in Mexico and Lesser Antilles. Taxonomic status of populations from northern South America to Brazil uncertain.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
 
?
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
7251
); common length : 20.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
3821
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 8;
Anal
spines
: 0;
Anal
soft rays
: 7. Upper side brown with large dark grey to black spots and light (pale blue or green in fresh specimens) irregular-shaped reticulations. Lower side with an irregular row of dusky to black rounded spots. The axil spot the most intense in the series. Sexually mature, ripe males sometimes covered with brilliant red or orange spots of about 1 mm in diameter (white in preserved specimen). No lappets on head or body (Ref 53033).
Inhabits bays, estuaries and protected coastal waters. Feeds primarily on shellfish, also on some finfish (Ref.
3821
).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray
, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref.
7251
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 24 - 28.1, mean 27.3 °C (based on 575 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02291 (0.01327 - 0.03955), b=2.85 (2.70 - 3.00), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.5 ±0.37 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Very high
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 31.7 [12.1, 119.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.646 [0.304, 1.530] mg/100g; Protein = 19.4 [17.3, 21.6] %; Omega3 = 0.171 [0.083, 0.339] g/100g; Selenium = 11.4 [4.5, 28.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 30.2 [7.5, 145.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.858 [0.518, 1.412] mg/100g (wet weight);
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