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- Australian Faunal Directory
- FishBase
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Overview |
Main identification features
- hammer: wide, front straight + slight notch
- 1st dorsal fin : very tall, pointed, curved
- 2nd dorsal fin greater than 3rd gill slit
A hammerhead shark with broad, narrow-blade side extensions on the head (with of hammer 23-27% of total length); front margin of head nearly straight in adults, with shallow central and side indentations; first dorsal fin very tall and curved, with pointed tip; height of second dorsal fin > length of 3rd gill slit; second dorsal and anal fins with strongly notched rear edges, their bases about equal; pelvics large, with concave rear borders.
Grey brown on back and sides, whitish below; no prominent markings on fins.
Said to reach 610 cm, but uncommon above 350 cm; size at birth 50-70 cm.
A coastal pelagic and semi- oceanic species.
Depth range 1-300 m.
Circumtropical distribution, in the eastern Pacific from southern Baja California and the Gulf of California to northern Peru, Malpelo and the Galapagos.
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ).
Depth Range Max: 300 m.
Depth Range Min: 0 m.
Diet: octopus/squid/cuttlefish; mobile benthic gastropods/bivalves; sharks/rays; mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs); bony fishes.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=32; Southern limit=-15; Western limit=-115; Eastern limit=-73; Latitudinal range=47; Longitudinal range=42.
Egg Type: Live birth; No pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Carnivore.
FishBase Habitat: Pelagic.
Global Endemism: Circumtropical ( Indian + Pacific + Atlantic Oceans); East Pacific + Atlantic (East +/or West); Transisthmian (East Pacific + Atlantic of Central America); East Pacific + all Atlantic (East+West); TEP non-endemic; West + East Pacific (but not Central); "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species.
Habitat: Water column; Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom); Reef (rock &/or coral); Reef and soft bottom; Corals; Soft bottom (mud, sand,gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove).
Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Offshore; In & Offshore.
IUCN Red List: Data deficient; Listed.
Length Max: 610 cm.
Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Eastern Pacific non-endemic; Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; All species.
Residency: Resident.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Mid Water; Near Bottom; Bottom;
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Names | |
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Links to other sites | |
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References |
- Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
- Castri-Aguirre, J.L., Espinoza-Pérez, H. and Schmitter-Soto, J.J., 2002., Lista sitemática, biogeográfica y ecológica de la ictiofauna estuarino lagunar y vicaria de México. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:117-142.
- Castro-Aguirre, J.L., 1999., Ictiofauna estuarino-lagunar y vicaria de México., Editorial Limusa S.A. de C.V.: 1-629pp.
- Compagno, L.J.V., 1999., Checklist of living elasmobranchs. In Hamlett W.C. (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes., The John Hopkins University Press:471-498.
- Compagno, L.J.V., 1984., Sharks of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO Species Catalogue., FAO Fish. Synop. No 125, 4(2):251-655.
- Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
- Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1., FAO2:647-1200.
- Galván-Magaña, F., Gutiérrez-Sánchez, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., 2000., The distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the Baja California Sur lagoons. In Aquatic Ecosystems of Mexico: Status and Scope. Eds. M. Manuwar, S.G. Lawrence, I.F. Manuwar & D.F. Malley. Ecovision World Monograph Series., Backhuys Publishers:383-398.
- Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
- Lopez , M. I. and Bussing, W. A., 1982., Lista provisional de los peces marinos de la Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 30(1):5-26.
- Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
- Ramírez Rodríguez, M., 1997., Producción pesquera en la Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:273-282.
- Rubio, E.A., 1986., Notas sobre la ictiofauna de la Isla de Gorgona, Colombia., Boletin Ecotropica. Univ. Bog. Jorge Tadeo Lozano, 13:86-112.
- Rüppell, W. P. E. S., 1837., Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig., Fische des Rothen Meeres, 1837:53-80.
- Snodgrass , R. E. and Heller, E., 1905., Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898-1899. XVII. Shorefishes of the Revillagigedo, Clipperton, Cocos and Galapagos Island., Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6:333-427.
- Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
- Villavicencio Garayzar , C. J. , Mariano Meléndez , E. and Downton Hoffmann, C., 1997., Tiburones capturados comercialmente en la Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:201-236.
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Acknowledgements | |
I thank Ashley MacDonald and John Pickering, University of Georgia, for technical support in building this page.
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Following modified from FishBase
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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Sphyrna&speciesname=mokarran ---> http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Sphyrna&speciesname=mokarran
http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Sphyrna&speciesname=mokarran ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Sphyrna&speciesname=mokarran
https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Sphyrna&speciesname=mokarran ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/summary/Sphyrna-mokarran.html
Sphyrna mokarran, Great hammerhead : fisheries
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Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) >
Carcharhiniformes
(Ground sharks) >
Sphyrnidae
(Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks)
Etymology:
Sphyrna:
Probable misspelling of
sphyra
(Gr.), hammer, referring to their hammer-shaped heads. (
See ETYFish
)
;
mokarran:
Arabic vernacular for this shark, described from the Red Sea, possibly from
mogharn
, horned, referring to the shape of its head. (
See ETYFish
)
.
More on author:
Rüppell
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromous (Ref.
51243
); depth range 1 - 300 m (Ref.
37816
), usually 1 - 100 m (Ref.
89972
). Subtropical; 40°N - 37°S, 180°W - 180°E
Circumglobal in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas (Ref.
13562
). Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. Eastern Atlantic: Mediterranean and Morocco to Senegal. Indo-Pacific: throughout the Indian Ocean; Ryukyu Islands to New Caledonia and French Polynesia. Eastern Pacific: southern Baja California, Mexico to Peru. Highly migratory species.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
249.5
, range 210 - 300 cm
Max length : 610 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
244
); common length : 370 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
13562
); max. published weight: 449.5 kg (Ref.
40637
); max. reported age: 30 years (Ref.
116211
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 0;
Anal
spines
: 0;
Anal
soft rays
: 0. A very large hammerhead also with a notch at the center of the head (Ref.
5578
). Front margin of head gently curved in juveniles, becoming nearly straight in adults, with slight median notch (Ref.
26938
). 1st dorsal fin very high and curved; 2nd dorsal and pelvic fins high and with deeply concave rear margins. Light grey or grey-brown above, white below; fins without conspicuous markings (Ref.
5578
).
A coastal-pelagic, semi-oceanic shark, found close inshore and well offshore, over the continental shelves, island terraces, and in passes and lagoons (Ref.
244
,
58302
). Often bottom and reef associated at 1-80 m (Ref.
58302
). Prefers to feed on stingrays and other batoids, groupers and sea catfishes, but also preys on other small bony fishes, crabs, squid, other sharks, rays, and lobsters (Ref.
244
,
13562
,
1602
). A viviparous species, with 13-42 of about 56 to 70 cm young in a litter (Ref.
26938
,
1602
). Potentially dangerous to people (Ref.
13562
) but only few, if any, of the attacks on people can be definitely attributed to it because of the apparent difficulty of distinguishing large hammerhead species involved in attacks (Ref.
244
). Caught occasionally by target shark longline, demersal tangle net and tuna gillnet fisheries (Ref.58048). Meat utilized for human consumption (fresh, fresh-frozen, dried-salted, and smoked), liver oil for vitamins, fins for soup, hides for leather, and carcasses for fishmeal (Ref.
244
). Its large fins, including the tail, sail-like first dorsal fin, are prized in the Oriental sharkfin trade (Ref.
47737
).
Viviparous with a yolk sac placenta and 13-42 young in a litter (Ref.
244
); 6-42 pups after gestation period of ~11 months (Ref.58048). Size at birth between 50 to 70 cm TL (Ref.58048, Ref. 13562).
Compagno, L.J.V.
, 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref.
244
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Critically Endangered (CR)
(A2bd); Date assessed:
09 November 2018
CITES
Appendix II:
International trade monitored
Appendix II:
Migratory species conserved through agreements
Threat to humans
Other (Ref.
244
)
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 21.3 - 28.9, mean 27.2 °C (based on 4410 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5029 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00229 (0.00133 - 0.00396), b=3.10 (2.94 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.3 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (tmax=30; tm=8.2; Fec=13).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
High
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 6.09 [1.31, 34.08] mg/100g; Iron = 0.597 [0.148, 1.835] mg/100g; Protein = 20.7 [18.6, 22.9] %; Omega3 = 0.168 [0.066, 0.417] g/100g; Selenium = 33.5 [10.8, 93.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.93 [1.58, 16.43] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.393 [0.195, 0.737] mg/100g (wet weight);
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on line
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Updated: 2024-04-19 13:42:22 gmt
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