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Overview |
Main identification features
- eye small
- lateral line has 41-46 scales
- c: long point
- chin: 4 pores, large knob
- preopercle: 4-9 spines
- anal fin 8pelvic - no filament
Body oblong, moderately high, compressed; head, short, deep, top gently arched between eyes, extremely cavernous & spongy to touch; snout short (~21% of head length), not projecting; eyes relatively small (33-40% of top jaw); chin with 4 pores, without barbels, with strong, pointed knob at tip; mouth large (reaches to rear edge of eye), oblique (angled at 45 degrees), at front, lower jaw projecting; gill rakers long, slender, 28-34 on 1st arch, which has a pale branch; preoperculum with 4-9 strong spines, lowest longest & strongest, angled down; mouth oblique, at front; dorsal XII-XIV, 20-25, end of soft dorsal pointed, reaches tail base; anal II,8, 2nd spine thick, long, passes end of last ray, fin slightly rounded; pectorals pointed, reach ~end of pelvics; pelvic without filamentous ray; tail long, pointed, nearly = head length; scales large, rough, (except on snout & between & under eyes) 41-46 lateral line scales; all fin membranes covered with small, elongate, smooth scales.
Preserved fish: Body pale tan, back & sides heavily stippled with brown dots (larger below) down to level of pectoral; top of head & nape dusky, scales with dark edges; upper 1/2 of front 1/3 of top lip conspicuously dark; dark band along lower margin of lower lip; inside gill chamber heavily freckled; spiny & soft dorsal margins dusky; tail, anal fin, inside pectoral base & pelvics speckled.
Size: 20 cm.
Habitat: on muddy bottoms.
Depth: 1-27 m?.
Occurs from the Gulf of Fonseca to northern Peru.
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo).
Depth Range Max: 27 m.
Depth Range Min: 1 m.
Diet: zooplankton; pelagic fish larvae; pelagic fish eggs.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=14; Southern limit=-4; Western limit=-89; Eastern limit=-78; Latitudinal range=18; Longitudinal range=11.
Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Planktivore.
FishBase Habitat: Demersal.
Global Endemism: Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) endemic; East Pacific endemic; All species.
Habitat: Soft bottom (mud, sand,gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove); Soft bottom only; Sand & gravel.
Inshore Offshore: Inshore Only; Inshore.
IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed.
Length Max: 20 cm.
Regional Endemism: Continent only; Continent; TEP endemic; Continental TEP endemic; Panamic province endemic; All species.
Residency: Resident.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Bottom; Bottom only;
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Names |
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Links to other sites |
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References |
- Chirichigno, N., 1998., Clave para identificar los peces marinos del Peru., Instituto del Mar del Peru, Informe., 44(2 Ed.):1-387.
- Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
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Acknowledgements |
I thank Ashley MacDonald and John Pickering, University of Georgia, for technical support in building this page.
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Following modified from FishBase
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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Stellifer&speciesname=ephelis ---> http://52.67.158.155/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Stellifer&speciesname=ephelis http://52.67.158.155/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Stellifer&speciesname=ephelis ---> https://fishbase.net.br/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Stellifer&speciesname=ephelis https://fishbase.net.br/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Stellifer&speciesname=ephelis ---> https://fishbase.net.br/summary/Stellifer-ephelis.html
Stellifer ephelis
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Stellifer ephelis
Picture by
Robertson, R.
Teleostei (teleosts) >
Eupercaria/misc
(Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae
(Drums or croakers)
Etymology:
Stellifer:
Latin, stella = satr + latin, fero = to carry (Ref.
45335
)
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal. Tropical
Eastern Pacific: Peru.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
 
?
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 16.7 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
124487
)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
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Spawning
|
Eggs
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Fecundity
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Larvae
Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.)
, 1998. Catalog of fishes. Special Publication, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 vols. 2905 p. (Ref.
26282
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Least Concern (LC)
; Date assessed:
27 January 2020
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00832 (0.00486 - 0.01423), b=3.11 (2.97 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.3 ±0.2 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
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Updated: 2024-04-26 21:26:05 gmt
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