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- Australian Faunal Directory
- FishBase
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Overview |
Main identification features
- sword flat;large eye
- d: curved, short base
- no pelvics
Swordfish
Bill extremely long, its cross section flat; no teeth in jaws; adults with a single median keel on each side of caudal fin base; a very tall, short-based first dorsal fin with a pointed apex; first dorsal rays 34-49; second dorsal and second anal fins very small, second dorsal rays 4-6; first anal fin moderately elevated, long, curved with 13-14 rays; second anal rays 3-4; pelvic fins absent; pectoral fins situated low on the sides, with 16-18 rays.
Blackish brown on back fading to light brown or silvery on sides; first dorsal fin dark blackish brown; other fins brown or blackish brown.
Maximum size 457cm; all-tackle world rcord 100.24 Kg.
Habitat: pelagic, oceanic.
Depth: 0-2878 m.
Circumglobal in tropical, temperate, and adjacent cold seas; southern California to the mouth of the Gulf of California to Peru and the offshore islands.
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ).
Depth Range Max: 2878 m.
Depth Range Min: 0 m.
Diet: octopus/squid/cuttlefish; bony fishes; Pelagic crustacea.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=50; Southern limit=-40; Western limit=-126; Eastern limit=-73; Latitudinal range=90; Longitudinal range=53.
Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Carnivore.
FishBase Habitat: Pelagic.
Global Endemism: Circumtropical ( Indian + Pacific + Atlantic Oceans); East Pacific + Atlantic (East +/or West); Transisthmian (East Pacific + Atlantic of Central America); East Pacific + all Atlantic (East+West); All Pacific (West + Central + East); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species.
Habitat: Water column.
Inshore Offshore: Offshore; Offshore Only.
IUCN Red List: Data deficient; Listed.
Length Max: 457 cm.
Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species.
Residency: Resident.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Mid Water; Near Surface; Surface; Water column only;
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Names | |
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References |
- Abbott, J.F., 1899., The marine fishes of Peru., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51:324-364.
- Briggs, J.C., 1960., Fishes of worldwide (circumtropical) distribution., Copeia, 1960:171-180.
- Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
- Castro-Aguirre, J.L. and Balart, E.F., 2002., La ictiofauna de las islas Revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas, con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:153-170.
- Chow , S. and Takeyama, H., 2000., Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses reveal four genetically separated breeding units of the swordfish., Journal of Fish Biology, 56:1087-1098.
- Eschmeyer , W. N. , Herald , E. S. and Hamman, H., 1983., A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Peterson Field Guide Ser. 28., Houghton Mifflin:336pp.
- Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
- Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen III. Vertebrados - Parte 2., FAO3:1201-1813.
- Grove , J.S. and Lavenberg, R. J., 1997., The fishes of the Galápagos islands., Stanford University Press:863 pp.
- Hildebrand, S.F., 1946., A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 189:1-530.
- Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
- Joseph , J. , Klawe , W. and Murphy, P., 1988., Tuna and Billfish - fish without a country., Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission:69.
- Linnaeus, C., 1758., Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae., Systema Nat. ed. 10, 1:1-824.
- Lopez , M. I. and Bussing, W. A., 1982., Lista provisional de los peces marinos de la Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 30(1):5-26.
- Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
- Molina, L., Danulat, E., Oviedo, M., González, J.A., 2004., Guía de especies de interés pesquero en la Reserva Marina de Galápagos., Fundación Charles Darwin / Agencia Espeñola de Cooperación Internacional / Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos, 115pp.
- Nakamura,., 1985., Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO species catalogue Vol. 5., FAO Fish. Synop. No 125, 125.
- Reeb , C. A. , Arcangeli , L. and Block, B. A., 2000., Structure and migration corridors in Pacific populations of the swordfish Xiphius gladius, as inferred through analyses of mitochondrial DNA., Marine Biology, 136:1123-1131.
- Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
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Acknowledgements | |
I thank Ashley MacDonald and John Pickering, University of Georgia, for technical support in building this page.
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Following modified from Australian Faunal Directory
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| &pull 20q v5.145 20180528: Error 301 Moved Permanently http://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/d8c21d8c-584c-431d-aef4-f42812de096a/ |
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Following modified from FishBase
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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Xiphias&speciesname=gladius ---> http://52.67.158.155/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Xiphias&speciesname=gladius
http://52.67.158.155/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Xiphias&speciesname=gladius ---> https://fishbase.net.br/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Xiphias&speciesname=gladius
https://fishbase.net.br/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Xiphias&speciesname=gladius ---> https://fishbase.net.br/summary/Xiphias-gladius.html
Xiphias gladius, Swordfish : fisheries, gamefish
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Xiphias gladius
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CAFS
Teleostei (teleosts) >
Carangiformes
(Jacks) >
Xiphiidae
(Swordfish)
Etymology:
Xiphias:
Greek, xiphos = sword (Ref.
45335
)
.
More on author:
Linnaeus
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromous (Ref.
51243
); depth range 0 - 2878 m (Ref.
116993
), usually 0 - 550 m (Ref.
54934
). Temperate; 5°C - 27°C (Ref.
43
); 69°N - 50°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref.
54934
)
Atlantic, Indian and Pacific: tropical and temperate and sometimes cold waters, including the Mediterranean Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. Highly migratory species. Mt DNA restriction analysis reveal that genetic differentiation occurs between populations inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and the tropical Atlantic ocean, indicating little genetic exchange occurring between the two (Ref.
12784
).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
212.0
, range 156 - 250 cm
Max length : 455 cm FL male/unsexed; (Ref.
40637
); common length : 300 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
9354
); max. published weight: 650.0 kg (Ref.
4689
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 38-56;
Anal
spines
: 0;
Anal
soft rays
: 16 - 18. Blackish-brown fading to light-brown below; 1st dorsal fin with blackish-brown membrane, other fins brown or blackish-brown (Ref.
43
). A long, flat, sword-like bill and no pelvic fins (Ref.
26938
).
Oceanic but sometimes found in coastal waters (Ref.
9354
). Generally above the thermocline (Ref.
9354
), preferring temperatures of 18°C to 22°C (Ref.
9987
). Larvae are frequently encountered at temperatures above 24 °C (Ref.
9702
). Migrate toward temperate or cold waters in the summer and back to warm waters in the fall. Adults are opportunistic feeders, known to forage for their food from the surface to the bottom over a wide depth range (Ref.
9702
). Feed mainly on fishes (Atlantic mackerel, barracudinas, silver hake, redfish, herring and lanternfishes (Ref.
5951
); also on crustaceans and squids (Ref.
9354
). They use their sword to kill their prey (Ref.
9354
). Large individuals may accumulate large percentages of mercury in its flesh (Ref.
9354
). Are batch spawners (Ref.
51846
). Spawning takes place in Atlantic during spring in southern Sargasso Sea. Migrate to cooler waters to feed (Ref.
4689
). Females grow fastest. Determination of age is difficult since the otoliths are very small and scales are missing in adults. Year rings have been successfully counted on cross sections of the fin rays (Ref.
35388
). Pelagic eggs measure 1.6-1.8mm and the newly hatched larvae is 4 mm long. Sword is well developed at a length of 10mm and young live pelagically in the upper water layers where they quickly develop into very voracious predators (Ref.
35388
). Mt DNA restriction analysis reveal that genetic differentiation occurs between populations inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and the tropical Atlantic ocean, indicating little genetic exchange occurring between the two (Ref.
12784
). Good food fish, marketed fresh or frozen, and can be made into sashimi, teriyaki or fillets (Ref.
9354
).
In the Atlantic Ocean, spawning occurs in the upper water layer at depths between 0 and 75 m, at temperatures around 23°C, and salinity of 33.8 to 37.4 ppt. The distribution of larval broadbill swordfish in the Pacific Ocean indicates that spawning occurs mainly in waters with a temperature of 24°C or more. Spawning appears to occur in all seasons in equatorial waters, but is restricted to spring and summer at higher latitudes (Ref.
30448
). Fertilisation in broadbill swordfish is external and pairing of solitary males and females is thought to occur when spawning (Ref.
9742
). Broadbill swordfish are reported to spawn in the upper layers of the water column, from the surface to a depth of 75 m (Ref.
43
). Estimates of egg numbers vary considerably, from 1 million to 16 million in 168,000 g female (Ref.
9742
) and 29 million in a 272,000 g female (Ref.
30372
).
Nakamura, I.
, 1985. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(5):65p. Rome: FAO. (Ref.
43
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Near Threatened (NT)
(A2bd); Date assessed:
01 May 2021
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
FAO - Fisheries:
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 10.9 - 27.6, mean 22.7 °C (based on 5276 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 1.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00380 (0.00160 - 0.00904), b=3.14 (2.92 - 3.36), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.5 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 8.5 (6.1 - 10.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 13
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (rm=0.076; K=0.23; tm=5-6; tmax=9).
Prior r = 0.56, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 8 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): High to very high vulnerability (72 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Very high
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 9 [4, 16] mg/100g; Iron = 0.278 [0.142, 0.491] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [17.0, 22.1] %; Omega3 = 0.333 [0.155, 0.694] g/100g; Selenium = 44.1 [17.4, 121.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.71 [1.63, 20.67] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.443 [0.157, 0.783] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
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Updated: 2024-04-24 12:23:56 gmt
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