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REMAINING (number with state)
Altitude m
1000-1500 (36)
500-1000 (30)
0-500 (27)
1500-2000 (17)
2000-2500 (4)
Bract: at base of young shoots
Absent (65)
Deciduous (49)
Persistent (8)
Cupule height mm
None (51)
0-5 (40)
15-20 (4)
10-15 (3)
5-10 (3)
20-25 (1)
Cupule present
No (53)
Yes (50)
Cupule pubescent
None (51)
Yes (37)
No (13)
Cupule sculpture
None (52)
Smooth (49)
Warty (1)
Cupule shape
None (52)
Flat, platelike (27)
Cup-shaped (14)
Enclosing fruit (9)
Cupule width mm
None (52)
0-5 (26)
5-10 (10)
10-15 (8)
15-20 (3)
20-25 (2)
Flower indument
Less densely pubescent than pedicels, peduncles (41)
As densely pubescent as pedicels, peduncles (31)
Glabrous (15)
More densely pubescent than pedicels, peduncles (3)
Flower phenology
Leaves present (82)
Flowers when leafless (3)
Flower sexuality
Bisexual (54)
Unisexual (49)
Fruit length cm
1-2 (32)
0-1 (31)
2-3 (15)
3-4 (12)
4-5 (6)
over 5 (4)
Fruit or receptacle enclosing fruit: sculpture
Smooth (92)
Ribbed, costulate (5)
Warty (4)
Fruit position
With cupule (40)
Naked on pedicel (37)
Subtended by persistent tepals (21)
Enclosed in receptacle (9)
Fruit pubescent
No (100)
Yes (2)
Fruit shape
Ellipsoid (50)
Roundish (40)
Oblong (12)
Obovoid (6)
Ovoid (5)
Depressed globose, wider than long (4)
Fruit width cm
0.5-1 (40)
1-1.5 (20)
1.5-2 (13)
2-2.5 (9)
0-0.5 (6)
Over 3 (6)
2.5-3 (5)
Glands present
Present stamen-3 (66)
Absent stamen-3 (3)
Present all stamens (1)
Inflorescence bract outside pubescent
None (78)
Yes (16)
No (4)
Inflorescence bract present: paniculate
No (41)
Yes (13)
Inflorescence bract: indument type
None (79)
Erect (10)
Appressed (6)
Ascending (5)
Inflorescence indument density
None (41)
Partially visible (32)
glabrous (22)
Covered by indument (16)
Inflorescence length cm
0-4 (79)
4-8 (18)
8-12 (17)
12-16 (7)
16-20 (4)
20-24 (1)
Inflorescence peduncle length: paniculate cm
0-4 (55)
None (42)
4-8 (15)
8-12 (6)
12-16 (1)
Inflorescence peduncle length: umbel mm
None (77)
0-5 (28)
5-10 (13)
15-20 (3)
10-15 (1)
20-30 (1)
Over 30 (1)
Inflorescence position
In axils of leaves (79)
Clustered on leafless short shoot (24)
In axils of bracts (23)
Along leafless internodes (16)
Inflorescence primary branches
Alternate (48)
None (46)
Opposite (11)
Inflorescence pubescence: orientation
None (65)
Erect (37)
Appressed (19)
Inflorescence pubescent
Yes (54)
None (39)
No (28)
Inflorescence type
Umbels or pseudo-umbels with an involucre (43)
Paniculate but not strictly cymose (42)
Paniculate cymose, lateral flowers of a cyme strictly opposite (24)
Racemose (3)
1-flowered umbel with involucre (2)
Inflorescence umbel peduncle
None (61)
Lacking (25)
Present (24)
Inflorescence umbel peduncle indument density
None (91)
Covered by indument (16)
Partially visible (8)
Glabrous (5)
Inflorescence umbel peduncles indument type
None (94)
Erect (19)
Appressed (4)
Leaf apex
Acuminate (81)
Acute (69)
Obtuse (17)
Leaf base
Acute cuneate (101)
Rounded obtuse (20)
Decurrent on petiole (8)
Auriculate (2)
Cordate (1)
Leaf base margin
Flat (115)
Inrolled (3)
Leaf color: upper and under surface
Same (77)
Different (43)
Leaf dissection
Entire (114)
Lobed (1)
Leaf domatia position
None (114)
in axils, lateral veins, elsewhere (1)
only in axils of lateral veins (1)
Leaf domatia present
No (114)
Yes (2)
Leaf domatia pubescent
None (114)
Yes (2)
Leaf domatia type
None (114)
Cavities (1)
Unmodified leaf tissue (1)
Leaf gland-dotted
No (104)
Lower surface only (8)
Upper surface only (5)
Leaf glaucous: under surface
No (78)
Yes (42)
Leaf hair type
None (65)
Straight (57)
Curled (3)
Leaf indument color
None (63)
Brown (39)
Gray (18)
Reddish brown (11)
Leaf indument type
Glabrous (68)
Erect (44)
Appressed (18)
Leaf indument: under surface
Glabrous (71)
Partially visible (50)
Covered (9)
Leaf indument: upper surface
Glabrous (105)
Pubescent only along midvein (10)
Partially visible (8)
Leaf lamina length cm
10-15 (66)
5-10 (56)
15-20 (30)
20-25 (14)
25-30 (8)
1-5 (4)
Over 30 (3)
Leaf lateral vein number
5-10 (78)
1-5 (25)
10-15 (22)
Over 15 (2)
Leaf midrib under surface
Raised (114)
Immersed (3)
Leaf midrib upper surface
Immersed (66)
Impressed (53)
Raised (31)
Leaf position
Alternate (77)
Clustered (26)
Opposite or nearly so (22)
Verticillate (9)
Leaf reticulation type
Fine, pitted (61)
Coarse (54)
Leaf reticulation: under surface
Raised (62)
Immersed (56)
Leaf reticulation: upper surface
Immersed (85)
Raised (37)
Leaf shape
Elliptic (89)
Obovate (35)
Oblong (23)
Lanceolate (20)
Ovate (15)
Oblanceolate (14)
Auriculate (1)
Leaf under surface papillose
No (111)
Yes (2)
Leaf venation
Pinnate (104)
Tripliveined, main laterals arising above base of lamina (7)
Triveined, main laterals arising at base of lamina (5)
Leaf width cm
3-6 (80)
0-3 (38)
6-9 (31)
9-12 (3)
12-15 (1)
15-18 (1)
Over 18 (1)
Leafless short shoot present
No (105)
Yes (18)
Leafless short shoot: indument density
None (104)
Covered by indument (11)
Glabrous (5)
Partially visible (3)
Leafless short shoot: indument type
None (107)
Erect (9)
Appressed (3)
Leafless short shoot: length mm
None (104)
1-5 (10)
5-10 (4)
10-15 (3)
Over 30 (3)
15-20 (2)
25-30 (2)
20-25 (1)
Pedicel indument density
Covered (51)
Partially visible (32)
Glabrous (29)
Pedicel indument type
Erect (61)
None (29)
Appressed (23)
Pedicel length
Shorter than flowers (34)
Longer than flowers (31)
Same (21)
Pedicel length in fruit mm
5-10 (53)
0-5 (36)
10-15 (7)
15-20 (3)
20-25 (2)
30-40 (2)
25-30 (1)
More than 40 (1)
Petiole color: contrast with twig
Same (108)
Different (8)
Petiole cross section
Flat above (87)
Canaliculate (26)
Terete (19)
Petiole length mm
10-15 (56)
15-20 (42)
5-10 (33)
20-25 (17)
0-5 (11)
25-30 (11)
30-40 (7)
40-50 (4)
over 50 (1)
Petiole pubescent
No (61)
Yes (58)
Pistil pubescent
No (64)
Yes (11)
Pistillode present
No (64)
Yes (21)
Pistillode pubescent
None (66)
No (14)
Yes (6)
Pistillode: stigma present
None (65)
Yes (12)
No (7)
Plant height m
5-10 (56)
1-5 (32)
10-15 (25)
15-20 (11)
Over 20 (5)
Range in China
Hainan (43)
Yunnan (30)
Guangdong (21)
Guangxi (18)
Sichuan (9)
Hubei (4)
Hunan (4)
Zhejiang (3)
Hongkong (2)
Jiangxi (2)
Shaanxi (2)
Xizang (2)
Anhui (1)
Fujian (1)
Guizhou (1)
Henan (1)
Shanxi (1)
Taiwan (1)
Receptacle indument
Glabrous (43)
Erect (28)
Appressed (12)
Receptacle shape
Bowl-shaped (31)
Shallow (26)
Cup-shaped (18)
Tubular (6)
Deeply cup-shaped (2)
Stamen filament pubescent
Yes (50)
No (20)
Stamen length mm
0.8-1.2 (13)
4.0-5.0 (12)
Over 5.0 (11)
3.2-4.0 (10)
1.2-1.6 (9)
0.4-0.8 (8)
1.6-2.0 (7)
2.0-2.4 (6)
2.8-3.2 (4)
2.4-2.8 (3)
Stamen number
9 (60)
12 (4)
6 (3)
Other (3)
5 (2)
3 (1)
4 (1)
Stamen: anther cell arrangement
2 horizontal rows (53)
Neither, 2-celled (39)
Stamen: anther cell number
All 4-celled (54)
All 2-celled (37)
6 2- and 3 4-celled (1)
Stamen: anther indument
Glabrous (52)
Partially pubescent (26)
Stamen: anther length
Anther shorter than filament (42)
Anther longer than filament (15)
Same (15)
Staminodes-1-3 number
0 (42)
9 (29)
2 (2)
6 (2)
4 (1)
Staminodes-1-3 pubescent
None (43)
Yes (19)
No (16)
Staminodes-1-3 shape
None (42)
Stipitiform (32)
Flattened, foliaceous (1)
Staminodes with recognizable, but nonfunctional anther (1)
Staminodes-4 present
No (35)
Yes (34)
Staminodes-4 pubescent
None (35)
Yes (23)
No (11)
Staminodes-4 shape
None (35)
With glandular head (29)
Stipitiform (5)
Tepal indument density
visible (58)
Covered with indument (18)
None (18)
Tepal indument type
Erect (54)
Appressed (23)
Glabrous (18)
Tepal inner surface: indument
Pubescent (49)
Glabrous (36)
Papillose (1)
Tepal length, longer one if unequal: mm
1.2-1.6 (17)
2.0-2.4 (16)
1.6-2.0 (15)
4.0-4.5 (9)
0.8-1.2 (8)
2.4-3.0 (7)
Over 5.0 (7)
4.5-5.0 (6)
3.5-4.0 (5)
3.0-3.5 (4)
0.4-0.8 (3)
Tepal length: shorter tepal mm
None (74)
Over 2.8 (4)
0.4-0.8 (3)
1.2-1.6 (3)
1.6-2.0 (3)
0-0.4 (2)
0.8-1.2 (2)
2.0-2.4 (2)
2.4-2.8 (2)
Tepal number
6 (86)
4 (8)
8 (2)
Tepal relative size
Equal (80)
Unequal (6)
Subequal (3)
Tepal stature at anthesis
1/2 erect (43)
Erect (22)
Spreading (15)
Tepal width mm
0.8-1.2 (28)
0.4-0.8 (18)
1.2-1.6 (18)
1.6-2.0 (12)
Over 2.8 (6)
2.0-2.4 (3)
2.4-2.8 (2)
0-0.4 (1)
Tepals persistent in fruit
No (77)
Yes (20)
Partially (2)
Tepals stature in fruit
None (78)
Spreading (12)
Recurved (9)
Clasping (4)
Only base persistent (2)
Terminal bud indument
Appressed (49)
Erect (45)
Glabrous (23)
Twig branching: clustered
No (115)
Yes (3)
Twig diameter 5 cm below apex: mm
2-4 (63)
0-2 (48)
4-6 (15)
6-8 (2)
8-10 (1)
Over 10 (1)
Twig indument density
Glabrous (54)
Covered with indument (43)
Partially visible (31)
Twig indument type
Erect (51)
None (51)
Appressed (17)
Twig shape
Terete (71)
Angular (49)
Twig: bract and leaf scar arrangement
Scattered (67)
Clustered (49)
Twig: bract and leaf scar shape
Linear (37)
Round (37)
None (9)
Umbel: number of female flowers
None (70)
3-4 (16)
5-6 (14)
1-2 (3)
9 or more (3)
7-8 (1)
Umbel: number of male flowers
None (70)
5-6 (17)
3-4 (9)
9 or more (4)
1-2 (3)
7-8 (3)