|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clematis vitalba
(vine, climber)
|
|
|
Taxonomic name:
Clematis vitalba
L.
Synonyms:
Common names:
evergreen clematis (English), Gewoehnliche Waldrebe (German), old man's beard (English), powojnik pnacy (Poland), traveler's-joy
Organism type:
vine, climber
Clematis vitalba
is a perennial vine with climbing, woody stems that can grow 20 to 30 metres long. In the native ranges
C. vitalba
is associated with chalk and limestone areas, but outside of its native range, this species is found in forestlands and in the margins and openings of forested lands. It is also found in riparian areas established with willows, in waste areas, and in coastal and lowland areas. This species physically smothers and collapses indigenous forest and causes a loss of indigenous plant species. When this loss occurs there is an influx of exotic plants into gaps or grazing damage by livestock. Control using a combination of mechanical and chemical methods can be effective but is very expensive. Much research is being conducted in the hopes of discovering biological means to control this species.
Description
C. vitalba
is described as a perennial vine with climbing, woody stems. It can grow 20 to 30 metres long. The leaf arrangement is opposite. The leaves are pinnately compound, consisting of usually 5 leaflets. The leaflet margins are usually entire, but the upper leaflet is sometimes 3-lobed. This species is deciduous. The flowers are white to greenish-white, and they are about 2cm in diameter. The inflorescence of
C. vitalba
is a terminal axillary panicle - the flowers are found in stalked clusters of the upper leaf axils. Each individual flower is perfect, they contain both male and female flower structures (stamens and pistils). The flowers do not have petals - they are composed of 4 sepals, many stamens and many styles. Some stamens can be non-fertile, and some are petaloid. The styles are plumose (feathery), and they are long, white and persistent. The fruit is an achene (The Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board, 2003).
Similar Species
Clematis flammula, Clematis ligusticifolia, Clematis tibetana
More
Occurs in:
agricultural areas, coastland, natural forests, planted forests, range/grasslands, riparian zones, ruderal/disturbed, scrub/shrublands, urban areas
Habitat description
In the native ranges of Wales and southern England,
C. vitalba
is associated with chalk and limestone areas. Low calcium levels impede, or delay the growth. In central Europe this species is found in soils ranging from weakly acidic to weakly basic, and it requires highly fertile soils with good drainage. The climate of the native ranges is temperate and moist. Limiting factors in native ranges include an annual rainfall of less than 800mm (31.5 inches), and the low summer temperatures of the higher elevations. Outside of its native range, this species is found in forest lands and in the margins and openings of forested lands. It is also found in riparian areas established with willows, in waste areas, and in coastal and lowland areas (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). In Washington State,
C. vitalba
is found west of the Cascade Mountains. Bungard
et al.
(1999) state that, "
C. vitalba
tends to favours soils with moderate to high fertility, calcareous soils, and recently disturbed soils where it can be expected that NO3 is the dominant form of plant-available N (Haynes, 1986)." Infestations of
C. vitalba
occur in forest reserves, gardens, road margins and other places around Taihape in New Zealand (Ogle
et al.
2000), infestations of
C. vitalba
occur in every region of New Zealand except Northland (north of Auckland).
General impacts
Hill
et al.
(2001) report that, "Vines can climb the tallest forest trees, forming a dense, light-absorbing canopy that suppresses all vegetation beneath it.
C. vitalba
can be so vigorous that the weight of foliage and stems breaks the supporting trees, reducing once-healthy forest to a low, long-lived thicket of vines scrambling over stumps and logs". However
Ogle
et al.
(2000)
observe that the vines ascend to the canopy of forest but are unable to climb large diameter emergent trees unless shrubs and smaller trees provide a series of ‘stepping stones’ to the crown of tall trees. Their study findings (study area Taihape reserve, New Zealand) indicate that the numbers and variety of understorey trees and shrubs that have been severely reduced following the infestation of
C. vitalba
correlates with observations of the growth habit of
C. vitalba
. Ogle
et al.
showed e.g. that not a single canopy tree species had been lost from the Taihape Reserves though 25% or so of the understorey trees and shrubs species had been lost.
Uses
C. vitalba
is grown as an ornamental species in Europe, and its English common names are old man's beard or traveller's joy (Hill
et al.
2001). The Plants For A Future Database (2003) reports that, "Young shoots can be cooked and used like hop shoots (
Humulus lupulus
),
but that caution is advised due to reports of toxicity
." The authors also state that, "The leaves are analgesic, diuretic and rubefacient. The boiled roots and stems are used as a cure for the itch. When applied in the nostrils, the plant juice has been used to relieve migraine attacks, but it can also destroy the mucous membranes.
The plant should not be taken internally because it is poisonous
." The authors report that, "The stems can be used in basketry."
Geographical range
Native range
: Africa, Asia, and Europe (USDA-GRIN, 2004)
Known introduced range
: Australasia-Pacific, and North America (Ogle
et al.
2000; Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board, 2000)
Introduction pathways to new locations
For ornamental purposes:
Hill
et al.
(2001) report that, "
Clematis vitalba
is grown as an ornamental species in Europe, and its English common names are old man's beard or traveller's joy. It was introduced into New Zealand as an ornamental plant before 1922, and became naturalized before 1935."
Transportation of habitat material:
Movement of gravel containing the seed to new sites for road and railway making.
Local dispersal methods
Hikers' clothes/boots:
The Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (2003) states that, “Seed dispersal is by wind, water, people and animals."
On animals:
The Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (2003) states that, “Seed dispersal is by wind, water, people and animals."
On animals (local):
The Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (2003) states that, “Seed dispersal is by wind, water, people and animals."
Water currents:
The Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (2003) states that, “Seed dispersal is by wind, water, people and animals."
Management information
Physical
: Early control in New Zealand focussed on the cutting of vines followed by chemical treatment, later introducing grazing sheep to help control regrowth (Ogle
et al.
, 2000). Stem bases or roots can be dug out in winter, and seedlings can be manually removed (Martin, 2001).
Chemical
: Various methods of chemical control have been used in New Zealand to treat
C. vitalba
. These include cutting and treating with 2,4,5-T in the 1970s, and a combination of 2,4,5-T and multi-film penetrant. In the 1980s-1990s, the infestation of
C. vitalba
in Taihape was controlled using a combination of glyphosate application and sheep grazing to control regrowth. 2% glyphosate such as RoundUp™ is recommended to control new growth in spring following the cutting of vines in winter, and seedheads can be sprayed with metsulfuron methyl (Escort™) or glyphosate.
Biological
: Hill
et al.
(2001) report that, "Concern about the damage caused by
C. vitalba
in New Zealand grew during the 1970s, and biological control was first suggested by Syrett (1984). The search in Europe for insect biological control agents started in 1989 when the International Institute of Biological Control (IIBC) at Delemont, Switzerland, compiled a literature review, and began a field survey to identify insects that attacked
Clematis
species in central Europe. Eighty-one phytophagous species were recorded, including 31 insect, 4 mite, and 4 nematode species that were regarded as monophagous or oligophagous (Groppe, 1991; Wittenberg & Groppe, 1991, 1992). Four
Phytomyza
species (Diptera: Agromyzidae) that mine the leaves and shoots of
Clematis
species were included in that list. Although not the most host-specific,
Phytomyza vitalbae
was selected for further study because it was the only species that was sometimes common and damaging in Europe". Hill
et al.
(2001) further state that, "There is a risk that
P. vitalbae
will attack both native and ornamental
Clematis
species in New Zealand.
C. foetida
appears to be the native species most likely to be attacked in New Zealand. However, the results presented here strongly indicate that the risk of significant damage to non-target plants is negligible to low.
P. vitalbae
was released from quarantine in New Zealand in 1996. It is considered to be established at 20 of the 29 release sites, and populations have grown rapidly at those sites. They have spread 5 km within 15 months at one site". There is no information available in regards to any success
P. vitalbae
has had in damaging the aggressive populations of
C. vitalba
in New Zealand.
Nutrition
Hume
et al.
(1995) conducted an in-depth study of the nutritional requirements of
C. vitalba
. The authors found that, "The nutritional requirements of the naturalised vine,
C. vitalba
, were investigated in order to determine soil factors which might restrict its growth. Topsoil samples (0-10cm), collected from 19 sites where
C. vitalba
has naturally established in New Zealand, had moderately acid to near neutral pH values, high to very high percentage base saturation, and medium to very high concentrations of the exchangeable cations Ca, Mg, and K, but tended to have low plant-available P and phosphate-extractable sulphate concentrations. Extractable-Al concentrations were very low. Profile descriptions at these sites showed that almost all soils were being or had been rejuvenated by alluvium, colluvium, or tephra. The soils had few physical impediments to root growth, so plants were readily able to exploit the soils and their nutrients. The addition of Fe was found to depress root growth. The growth and spread of
C. vitalba
may be restricted by extremely acid soil conditions and by very low concentrations of N, P, Ca, S, and possibly Mn in the soil. However, it does not appear to be unusually sensitive to soil acidity or nutrient deficiencies."
Reproduction
The Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (2003) states that, "
C. vitalba
matures faster in full sunlight, and seed production is possible after one to three years, depending on the exposure to full sunlight. Asexual reproduction is possible after one year. An estimated 17,000 viable seeds are produced per 0.5m² in areas where
C. vitalba
is a canopy species. Seed dispersal is by wind, water, people and animals.
C. vitalba
is wind pollinated and insect pollinated. The filaments produce nectar, which attract insect pollinators. Several bee species and flies are attracted to the pollen and nectar.
C. vitalba
can also spread by fragmentation, when roots are produced from stem fragments and from attached stems. Vegetative spread by fragmentation occurs more often from older plants, since the older stem tissue holds more water and it has higher carbohydrate reserves (Cronk and Fuller, 1995)."
Lifecycle stages
The Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (2003) states that, "
C. vitalba
is a woody, perennial vine, with annual leaf loss (deciduous). Flowers are visible throughout most of the summer. The whitish, fluffy seed heads are visible in the fall and winter (as are the leaves for several weeks in fall (autumn)- bright yellow (Colin Ogle., pers.comm., 2005) Seeds fall sporadically over the winter, which may contribute to a seed bank."
Reviewed by:
Colin Ogle, Ecology Consultant. Wanganui, New Zealand.
Compiled by:
National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) & IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)
|
|
Last Modified:
Thursday, 15 December 2005
|
|
|
|
The Global Invasive Species Database is managed by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. It was developed as part of the global initiative on invasive species led by the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) and is supported through partnerships with the National Biological Information Infrastructure, Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research and the University of Auckland.
Conditions of use
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
