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Main identification features
Elongate, slender body; 5 gill slits, last 2 over pectoral fin base; 2 large dorsal fins, second distinctly smaller than first, first dorsal behind pectoral; anal fin same size as and situated under second dorsal; eyes horizontal ovals, with ventral nictitating membranes; mouth rounded; teeth small, equal on both jaws, broadly triangular, large serrations on one side; tail strongly asymmetrical, lower lobe well developed.
Dark grey to grey-brown above, white below; pectorals with pale rear borders; sometimes scattered pale spots in flank.
Size: 200 cm.
Habitat: coastal, semipelagic.
Depth: 0-1100 m.
Worldwide in temperate waters; British Colombia to Baja and the Gulf of California and the Revillagigedos; Ecuador to Chile
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ); Antitropical (North and South temperate).
Depth Range Max: 1100 m.
Depth Range Min: 0 m.
Diet: Pelagic crustacea; octopus/squid/cuttlefish; mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs); sea-stars/cucumbers/urchins; bony fishes.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=53; Southern limit=-55; Western limit=-130; Eastern limit=-70; Latitudinal range=108; Longitudinal range=60.
Egg Type: Live birth; No pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Carnivore.
FishBase Habitat: Bentho-Pelagic.
Global Endemism: Circumtropical ( Indian + Pacific + Atlantic Oceans); East Pacific + Atlantic (East +/or West); East Pacific + all Atlantic (East+West); All Pacific (West + Central + East); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species.
Habitat: Soft bottom (mud, sand,gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove); Water column; Sand & gravel; Mud.
Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable; Listed.
Length Max: 200 cm.
Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species.
Residency: Vagrant.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Mid Water; Near Bottom; Near Surface;
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- Hildebrand, S.F., 1946., A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 189:1-530.
- Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
- Linnaeus, C., 1758., Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae., Systema Nat. ed. 10, 1:1-824.
- Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
- Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
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