D I S C O V E R   L I F E      Home • IDnature guides • Global mapper • Search • Help

• usually 2 ds
• 2nd dorsal fin base greater than end of 2nd dorsal fin base to tail fin base
• membrane under opercle - 5 rays
• pelvics fused in disc or slightly separated
• no ll

GOBIES, CRESTED GOBIES, CRESTED GOBIES, EEL-GOBIES, FRILLFINS, MUDSUCKERS

The gobies are the largest family of marine fishes in the world with about 212 genera and 1,875 species, of which about 160 genera and 1,200 species inhabit the vast Indo-Pacific region. In shallow marine and estuarine habitats in our region there are 86 known species, all endemics, from 27 genera, seven of which are endemic.

Gobies exhibit considerable variation in size, coloration, and body shape. Generally, they are elongate fishes with two dorsal fins, although Gobioides and Akko have a single dorsal fin. Some of the most important general characters for identifying various species in this region include number of spines in the first dorsal fin (VI vs VII), pelvic fin structure (fins separate or partially to completely fused to form a disc or plate), and scale patterns (scaleless to completely to partly scaled). Some species have barbells on different parts of the head.

Gobies are usually under 10cm in length, and many are considerably smaller. In fact some of the world's smallest known vertebrates are included in this family. Gobies dwell in marine or estuarine habitats, but there are a number of purely freshwater species as well. For example, the genus Sicydium inhabits streams and rivers of Central America. They are either bottom-dwellers or hover in the water column, a short distance above the bottom. They are associated with a variety of substrata, but many species exhibit an affinity for sand, silt, or mud bottoms. The depth range includes tidepools or shallow waters next to shore and offshore areas down to at least 150m. Some members of the genus Lythrypnus are parasite "cleaners" and can be seen skittering about the surface of much larger fishes such as moray eels. This group includes some of the most brilliantly colored gobies. Because of their small size, gobies are usually not used for human food, but due to their huge numbers they are an important part of the reef's food chain. Gobies are sometimes kept as aquarium pets, and a number of species have been successfully bred in captivity. Gobies exhibit a wide range of feeding habits, but most species are carnivorous. Much of the diet is composed of crabs, shrimps, smaller crustaceans (such as copepods, amphipods, and ostracods), molluscs, annelids, polychaetes, formaninferans, sponges, and eggs of various invertebrates and fishes.

References

• Aburto-Oropeza , O. and Balart, E. F., 2001., Community structure of reef fish in several habitats of a rocky reef in the Gulf of California., Marine Ecology, 22:283-305.
• Acero, A., 1981., Two new species of gobiid fishes from the Colombian Pacific., Japanese J. Ichthyol., 28(3):243-246.
• Acosta Salmón , H. and Martínez Fernández, E., 2000., Propuesta preliminar ... de concha nacar (Pteria sterna Gould, 1851) en la Bahía de la Paz, Baja California Sur, México. En Aburto Oropeza, O. y C. A. Sánchez Ortiz (Eds.). Recursos arrecifales del Golfo de California, …., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:95-106.
• Allen , G.R. and Robertson, D.R., 1997., An Annotated Checklist of the fishes of Clipperton Atoll, Tropical Eastern Pacific., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 45:813-843.
• Almenara Roldán, S. C., 2000., Demanda internacional en el manejo de especies marinas de ornato. En Aburto Oropeza, O. y C. A. Sánchez Ortiz (Eds.). Recursos arrecifales del Golfo de California, estrategias de manejo para las especies marinas de ornato., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:30-38.
• Balart , E. F. , Castro-Aguirre , J. L. and De Lachica-Bonilla, F., 1997., Análisis comparativo de las comunidades ícticas de fondos blandos y someros de la Bahía de La Paz, B.C. S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:177-188.
• Barlow, G. W., 1961., Gobies of the genus Gillichthys, with comments on the sensory canals as a taxonomic tool., Copeia, 1961:423-437.
• Bedenbaugh, R. L., 1988., A review of the Pacific members of the gobiid fish genus Bollmannia Jordan., Old Dominion University:1-56.
• Birdsong , R. S. , Murdy , E. O. and Pezold, F. L., 1988., A study of the vertebral column and median fin osteology in gobioid fishes with comments on gobioid relationships., Bull. Mar. Sci., 42:174-214.
• Birdsong , R. S. and Robins, C. R., 1995., New genus and species of seven-spined goby (Gobiidae: Gobiosomini) from the Offing of the Amazon River, Brazil., Copeia, 1995:676-683.
• Birdsong, R.S., 1968., Microgobius crocatus, a new gobiid fish from Pacific Panama., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 81:191-196.
• Birdsong, R.S., 1981., A review of the gobiid fish genus Microgobius Poey., Bull. Mar. Sci., 31(2):267-306.
• Briggs, J.C., 1951., A review of the clingfishes (Gobiesocidae) of the Eastern Pacific with descriptions of new species., Proceedings of the California Zoological Club, 1:57-108.
• Brothers, E. B., 1975., The comparative ecology and behavior of three sympatric California gobies. Ph.D. diss., Univ. California.
• Bussing, W.A., 1981., Elacatinus janssi, a new gobiid fish from Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 29(2):251-256.
• Bussing, W.A., 1983., Evermannia erici, a new burrowing gobiid fish from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 31(1):125-131.
• Bussing, W.A., 1990., New species of gobiid fishes of the genera Lythrypnus, Elacatinus and Chriolepis from the eastern tropical Pacific., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 38(1):99-118.
• Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
• Böhlke , J.E and Robins, C.R., 1968., Western Atlantic seven-spined gobies, with descriptions of ten new species and a new genus, and comments on Pacific relatives., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 120(3):45-174.
• Castri-Aguirre, J.L., Espinoza-Pérez, H. and Schmitter-Soto, J.J., 2002., Lista sitemática, biogeográfica y ecológica de la ictiofauna estuarino lagunar y vicaria de México. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:117-142.
• Castro-Aguirre , J. L. and Balart, E. F., 1997., Contribución al conocimiento de la ictiofauna de fondos blandos y someros de la Ensenada de La Paz y Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:139-150.
• Castro-Aguirre, J.L. and Balart, E.F., 2002., La ictiofauna de las islas Revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas, con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:153-170.
• Castro-Aguirre, J.L., 1999., Ictiofauna estuarino-lagunar y vicaria de México., Editorial Limusa S.A. de C.V.: 1-629pp.
• Clark, H.W., 1936., The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences.1932. No. 29. New and noteworthy fishes., Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4), 4:21(29):383-396.
• Cooper, J. G., 1864., On new genera and species of California fishes- No.III., Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 1), 3:108-114.
• Dawson, C.E., 1969., A new seven-spined goby, Gobiosoma (Austrogobius) polyporosum, from the Pacific Coast of Panamá., Copeia, 1969:510-514.
• Dawson, C.E., 1972., A redescription of Lophogobius cristulatus Ginsburg (Pisces: Gobiidae) with notes on L. cyprinoides (Pallas)., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 84:371-384.
• De la Cruz , J. , Galvan , F. , Abitia , L. A. , Rodriguez , J. and Gutierrez, F. J., 1994., Lista sistematica de los peces marinos de Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico). Systematic List of marine fishes from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico)., Ciencias Marinas, 20:17-31.
• Edgar, G.J. Banks, S., Fariña, J.M., Calvopiña, M. and Martínez, C., 2004., Regional biogeography of shallow reef fish and macro-invertebrate communities in the Galapagos archipelago., Journal of Biogeography, 31:1107-1124.
• Eigenmann , C.H. and Eigenmann, R.S., 1888., A list of American species of Gobiidae and Callionymidae, with notes on the specimens contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts., Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2(1):51-78.
• Eigenmann , C.H. and Eigenmann, R.S., 1889., Notes on some California fishes, with descriptions of two new species., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 11:463-466.
• Eigenmann, C.H., 1917., Eighteen new species of fishes from northwestern South America., Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 56:673-689.
• Eschmeyer , W. N. , Herald , E. S. and Hamman, H., 1983., A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Peterson Field Guide Ser. 28., Houghton Mifflin:336pp.
• Findley, L.T., 1974., A new species of goby from Malpelo Island (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Chriolepis)., Smithsonian Contrib. Zool., 176:94-98.
• Findley, L.T., 1983., A revision of the Eastern Pacific species of the gobiid fish genus Chriolepis (Teleostei: Gobioidei). Ph.D. diss., University Arizona:193pp.
• Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo .  Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
• Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1., FAO2:647-1200.
• Fowler, H.W., 1916., Cold-Blooded Vertebrates from Costa Rica and the Canal Zone., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 68:389-414.
• Fowler, H.W., 1944., Results of the Fifth George Vanderbilt Expedition (1941) (Bahamas, Caribbean sea, Panama, Galapagos Archipelago and Mexican Pacific Islands). The Fishes., Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel., Monographs, 6:57-529.
• Galván-Magaña, F., Gutiérrez-Sánchez, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., 2000., The distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the Baja California Sur lagoons. In Aquatic Ecosystems of Mexico: Status and Scope. Eds. M. Manuwar, S.G. Lawrence, I.F. Manuwar & D.F. Malley. Ecovision World Monograph Series., Backhuys Publishers:383-398.
• Gilbert , C. H. and Scofield, N. B., 1898., Notes on a collection of fishes from the Colorado Basin in Arizona., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 20:487-499.
• Gilbert , C.H. and Starks, E.C., 1904., The fishes of Panama Bay., Mem. Calif. Acad.Sci., 4:1-304.
• Gilbert, C.H., 1890., A preliminary report on the fishes collected by the steamer "Albatross" on the Pacific coast of North America during the year 1889, with descriptions of twelve new genera and ninety-two new species., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 13:49-126.
• Gilbert, C.H., 1892., Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer "Albatross." 22. Descriptions of thirty-four new species of fishes collected in 1888 and 1889, principally among the Santa Barbara Islands and in the Gulf of California., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 14:539-566.
• Ginsburg, I., 1933., Descriptions of new and imperfectly known species and genera of gobioid and pleuronectid fishes in the United States National Museum., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 82(20):1-23.
• Ginsburg, I., 1938., Eight new species of gobioid fishes from the American Pacific coast., Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 2(7):109-121.
• Ginsburg, I., 1938., Two new gobiid fishes of the genus Gobiosoma from Lower California., Stanford Ichthyol. Bull., 1(2):57-59.
• Ginsburg, I., 1939., Twenty-one new American gobies., J. Wash. Acad.Sci., 29(2):51-63.
• Ginsburg, I., 1947., American species and subspecies of Bathygobius, with a demonstration of a suggested modified system of nomenclature., J. Wash. Acad.Sci., 37(1):275-284.
• Ginsburg, I., 1953., Ten new American gobioid fishes in the United States National Museum, including additions to a revision of Gobionellus., J. Wash. Acad.Sci., 43(1):18-26.
• Gotshall, D.W., 1996., Fishes of Rocas Alijos. In Rocas Alijos. Ed. R. W. Schmieder. Cornell Expeditions., Kluwer Academic Publishers: 347-354.
• Günther, A., 1861., Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum. Gobiidae ...[thru]... Notacanthi., Brithish Museum (Natural History)3:1-586.
• Günther, A., 1862., On a collection of fishes sent by Capt. Dow from the Pacific coast of Central America., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861(3):370-376.
• Günther, A., 1864., On some new species of Central American fishes., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 14:227-232.
• Günther, A., 1864., Report of a collection of fishes made by Messrs. Dow, Godman and Salvin in Guatemala. Part first., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864(1):144-154.
• Heller , E. and Snodgrass, R.E., 1903., Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898-1899. XV. New fishes., Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5:189-229.
• Hildebrand, S.F., 1925., Fishes of the Republic of El Salvador, Central America., Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries., 41:236-287.
• Hildebrand, S.F., 1946., A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 189:1-530.
• Hoese , D. F. and Reader, S., 2001., A preliminary review of the eastern pacific species of Elacatinus (Gobioidei: Gobiidae)., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 49(Supplement 1):157-168.
• Hoese , D. F. and Reader, S., 2001., Revision of the eastern Pacific species of Gobulus (Perciformes: Gobiidae), with description of a new species., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 49(Supplement 1):169-176.
• Hoese , D.F. and Larson, H.K., 1985., Revision of the eastern Pacific species of the genus Barbulifer (Pisces:Gobiidae)., Copeia, 1985(2):333-339.
• Hoese, D.F., 1971., A revision of the eastern Pacific species of the gobiid fish genus Gobiosoma, with a discussion of the relationships of the genus. Ph.D. diss. Univ. California, San Diego., University of California:213pp.
• Hoese, D.F., 1973., Gobius lucretiae referred to the gobiid fish genus Parrella, with a review of the species., Copeia, 1973(4):817-819.
• Hubbs, C.L., 1916., Notes on the Marine Fishes of California., Univ. Calif. Pubs. Zool., 16:153-169.
• Humann, P., 1993., Reef Fish Identification: Galapagos., New World Publishing:192pp.
• Jenkins , O.P. and Evermann, B.W., 1889., Description of eighteen new species of fishes from the Gulf of California., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 11:137-158.
• Jenyns, L., 1842., Fish. In: C. Darwin, ed. The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle' under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. Issued in 4 parts., Smith, Elder & Co.:i-xvi + 1-172.
• Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
• Jordan , D.S. and Bollman, C.H., 1890., Descriptions of new species of fishes collected at the Galapagos Islands and along the coast of the United States of Colombia, 1887-88, by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer 'Albatross'., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 12:149-183.
• Jordan , D.S. and Evermann, B.W., 1896., The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part I., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 47:1-1240.
• Jordan , D.S. and Evermann, B.W., 1898., The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part III., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 47:2183-3136.
• Jordan , D.S. and Gilbert, C.H., 1880., Notes on a collection of fishes from San Diego, California., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 3:23-34.
• Jordan , D.S. and Gilbert, C.H., 1882., Description of thirty-three new species of fishes from Mazatlan, Mexico., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 4(1881):338-365.
• Jordan , D.S. and Gilbert, C.H., 1882., Descriptions of nineteen new species of fishes from the Bay of Panama., Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1:306-335.
• Jordan , D.S. and Gilbert, C.H., 1882., List of Fishes now in the Museum of Yale College, Collected by Prof. Frank H. Bradley, at Panama, with Descriptions of Three New Species., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5:620-632.
• Jordan , D.S. and Gilbert, C.H., 1884., Descriptions of ten new species of fishes from Key West, Florida., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 7:24-32.
• Jordan , and McGregor,., 1898., List of fishes collected at the Revillagigedo archipelago and neighboring islands., Rept. U.S. Fisheries Comm., 24:271-284.
• Jordan, D.S., 1884., Notes on fishes collected at Guaymas, Mexico, by Mr. H.F. Emeric, with a description of Gobiosoma histrio, a new species., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 7:260-261.
• Jordan, D.S., 1895., The fishes of Sinaloa., Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2), 5:377-514.
• Kendall , W.C. and Radcliffe, L., 1912., The shore fishes. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, ... by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer ALBATROSS, from October, 1904, to March, 1905, Lieut. Commander L.M. Garret, U.S.N., Commanding. XXV., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 35(3):75-171.
• Lea, R.N. and Rosenblatt, R.H., 2000., Observations on fishes associated with the 1997-1998 El Niño off California., CalCOFL Rep., 41:117-129.
• Lopez , M. I. and Bussing, W. A., 1982., Lista provisional de los peces marinos de la Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 30(1):5-26.
• Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
• Madrid Vera , J. , Ruíz Luna , A. and Rosado Bravo, I., 1998., Peces de la plataforma continental de Michoacán y sus relaciones regionales en el Pacífico mexicano., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 42(2):267-276.
• McCosker , J. E. and Dawson, C. E., 1975., Biotic passage through the Panama Canal, with particular reference to fishes., Marine Biology, 30:343-351.
• McCosker , J.E. and Rosenblatt, R.H., 1975., Fishes collected at Malpelo Island. In Graham, J.B. (ed.) The Biological Investigation of Malpelo Island, Colombia., Smithsonian Contrib. Zool., 176:91-93.
• Meek , S.E. and Hildebrand, S.F., 1928., The marine fishes of Panama. Part III., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser. Publ., XV:709-1045.
• Miller , P. J. and Stefanni, S., 2001., The eastern Pacific species of Bathygobius (Perciformes: Gobiidae)., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 49(Supplement 1):141-156.
• Minckley, W.L., 2002., Fishes of the lowermost colorado river, its delta, and estuary: a commentary on biotic change. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:63-78.
• Murdy, E. O., 1998., A review of the gobioid fish genus Gobioides., Ichthyological Research, 45:121-133.
• Nelson, J.S., 1984., Fishes of the World (Third edition)., John Wiley and Sons:523pp.
• Osburn , R. C. and Nichols, J. T., 1916., Shore Fishes Collected by the 'Albatross' Expedition in Lower California with Descriptions of New Species., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35:139-181.
• Pallas, P. S., 1770., Spicilegia Zoologica quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur. Berolini, Gottl. August. Lange., Spicilegia Zool., 1:1-56.
• Palmer, G., 1952., Notes on the fishes of the genus Gobioides, with the description of a new species., Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12), 5:50-57.
• Pellegrin, J., 1901., Poissons recueillis par M. Léon Diguet dans le Golfe de Californie., Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat, 7:160-167.
• Pezold III, F. L., 1984., A revision of the gobioid fish genus gobionellus. Ph.D. diss., University of Texas:269 pp.
• Pezold III, F.L., 2004., Redescription and synonymies of species of the American-West African genus Gobionellus (Teleostei, Gobiidae) with a key to species., Copeia, 2:281-297.
• Phillips, P. C., 1981., Annotated Checklist of Fishes at Jiquilisco Bay, El Salvador., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 29:45-58.
• Pondella II, D.J., Gintert, B.E., Cobb, J.R., Allen, L.G., 2005., Biogeography of the nearshore rocky-reef fishes at the southern and Baja California islands., Journal of Biogeography, 32:187-201.
• Ricker, K.E., 1959., Fishes collected from the Revillagigedo Islands during the 1954-1958 cruises of the "Marijean."., Univ. Brit. Columbia Inst. Fish., Mus. Contrib., 4:10pp.
• Ricker, K.E., 1959., Mexican shore and pelagic fishes collected from Acapulco to Cape San Lucas during the 1957 cruise of the "Marijean"., Univ. Brit. Columbia Inst. Fish., Mus. Contrib., 3:18pp.
• Robertson , D.R. and Allen, G.A., 1996., Zoogeography of the shorefish fauna of Clipperton Atoll., Coral Reefs, 15:121-131.
• Robins , C.R. , Ray , G.C. , Douglass , J. and Freund, R., 1986., A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Peterson Guide Ser. 32., Houghton Mifflin:354pp.
• Rubinoff , R. W. and Rubinoff, I., 1968., Interoceanic colonization of a marine goby through the Panama Canal., Nature, 217:476-478.
• Rubinoff , R. W. and Rubinoff, I., 1969., Observations on the Migration of a Marine Goby Through the Panama Canal., Copeia, 1969:395-397.
• Rubio , R. E. A. and Estupiñan, F., 1990., Ictiofauna del Parque Nacional Natural Sanquianga, un Analisis de su Estructura y Perspectivas para su Manejo., Memorias del VII Seminario Nacional de las Ciencias y Tecnologías del Mar. Comisión Colombiana de Oceanografía. Bogota, Colombia., :660-670.
• Rubio, E.A., 1986., Notas sobre la ictiofauna de la Isla de Gorgona, Colombia., Boletin Ecotropica. Univ. Bog. Jorge Tadeo Lozano, 13:86-112.
• Rubio, E.A., 1988., Estudio taxonomico de la ictiofauna acompañante del camaron en areas costeras del Pacifico de Colombia., Memorias del VI Seminario Nacional de las Ciencias del Mar. Comisión Colombiana de Oceanografía. Bogota, Colombia., :169-183.
• Rutter, C.M., 1904., Notes on fishes of the Gulf of California, with description of a new genus and species., Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3(3):251-253.
• Sauvage, M.H.E., 1880., Description des Gobioïdes nouveaux ou peu connus de la collection du Muséum d'histoire naturelle., Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris., 4:40-58.
• Seale, A., 1940., Report on fishes from Allan Hancock expeditions in the California Academy of Sciences., Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 9:1-46.
• Snodgrass , R. E. and Heller, E., 1905., Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898-1899. XVII. Shorefishes of the Revillagigedo, Clipperton, Cocos and Galapagos Island., Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6:333-427.
• Starks, E. C., 1906., On a Collection of fishes made by P. O. Simons in Ecuador and Peru., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 30:761-800.
• Steindachner, F., 1879., Ichthyologische Beiträge (VIII.)., Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 80:119-191.
• Steindachner, F., 1880., Zur Fisch-Fauna des Cauca und der flusse bei Guayaquil., Denskschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 42:55-104.
• Stepien , C.A. , Dixon , M.T. and Hillis, D.M., 1993., Evolutionary relationships of the blennioid fish families Clinidae, Labrisomidae and Chaenopsidae: Congruence Between DNA Sequence and Allozyme Data., Bull. Mar. Sci., 52:496-515.
• Sánchez Ortíz , C. , Arreola Robles , J. L. , Aburto Oropeza , O. and Cortés Hernández, M., 1997., Peces de arrecife en la región de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:189-200.
• Thomson , D.A. , Findley , L.T. and Kerstitch, A.N., 2000., Reef fishes of the Sea of Cortez., University of Texas Press(Revised Ed.):353.
• Todd, E.S., 1976., Terrestrial grazing by the eastern tropical Pacific goby 'Gobionellus sagittula'., Copeia, 1976:374-377.
• Van Tassell, J.L. and Baldwin, C.C., 2004., A review of the gobiid genus Akko (Teleostei: Gobiidae) with description of a new species., Zootaxa, 462:1-15.
• Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
• Vega, A.J., Villareal, N., 2003., Peces asociados a arrecifes y manglares en el Parque Nacional Coiba., Tecnociencia, 5:65-76.
• Villareal-Cavazos, A., Reyes-Bonilla, H., Bermúdez-Almada, B. and Arizpe-Covarrubias, O., 2000., Los peces del arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, Golfo de California, México: Lista sistemática y aspectos de abundancia y biogeografía., Rev. Biol. Trop., 48:413-424.
• Wade, C.B., 1946., New fishes in the collections of the Allan Hancock Foundation., Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 9(8):215-235.
• Walker, B. W. and Baldwin, W. J., 1964., Provisional check list of fishes of the Revillagigedo islands., 18 pp.
• Wiley, J. W., 1976., Life histories and systematics of the western North American gobies Lythrypnus dalli (Gilbert) and Lythrypnus zebra (Gilbert)., Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 18:169-184.