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Parthenium hysterophorus L. Bitterweed; Carrot Grass; Santa Maria

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Higher taxa:  Life   Plantae   Dicotyledoneae   Asteraceae   Parthenium   Global map IDnature guides: Dicotyledoneae, Guianas_flora, Hawaii_flora, Neotropical_flora, North_American_Invasives, Panama_Dicotyledoneae, Plants_Chicago, Taiwan_Dicotyledoneae Missouri Botanical Garden We parsed the following live from the Web into this page. Such content is managed by its original site and not cached on Discover Life. Please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. See original regarding copyrights and terms of use. PIER Flora of Taiwan, National Taiwan University Taiwan Biodiversity National Information Network

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© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus, Cassia tora and Impatiens balsamina population	© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus, Cassia tora and Impatiens balsamina population
© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus, Impatiens balsamina, Cassia tora and Hyptis suaveolens	© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus, Impatiens balsamina, Cassia tora and Hyptis suaveolens
© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus, Impatiens balsamina, Cassia tora and Hyptis suaveolens	© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus
© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation in Aloe vera fields	© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation in Aloe vera fields
© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation in Aloe vera fields	© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation in Aloe vera fields
© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation in Aloe vera fields	© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation in Aloe vera fields
© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation in Aloe vera fields	© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation in Aloe vera fields
© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation in Aloe vera fields	© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation in Aloe vera fields
© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation in Aloe vera fields	© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation in Aloe vera fields
© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus infestation	© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus
© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus and Acacia nilotica in rice bunds	© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus in rice bund
© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus and Ipomoea carnea	© Pankaj Oudhia, 2008-2010 Parthenium hysterophorus

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Scientific source:       Integrated Taxonomic Information System

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International Parthenium Research News Group

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Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)   [   PIER species lists  ]   [   PIER home  ] Parthenium hysterophorus L., Asteraceae Click on an image for links to BIGGER PICTURES Present on Pacific Islands?   yes Primarily a threat at high elevations?   no Risk assessment results:   Reject, score: 18 ( Go to the risk assessment ) Common name(s): [ more details ] English : bitterweed, carrot grass, false ragweed, feverfew, parthenium weed, ragweed parthenium, Santa Maria, whitetop French : fausse camomille Spanish : escoba amarga Habit:   herb Description:   "Taprooted annual herbs 3-10 dm tall; stems unbranched in lower part, branched in upper part, longitudinally striate, hirsute.  Lower leaves in a basal rosette, these deciduous at maturity and stem leaves remaining, 3-20 cm long, 2-10 cm wide, bipinnatifid or pinnatifid.  Heads small, numerous in open panicles; rays white, 0.6 mm long; disk corollas cream-colored, ca. 1 mm long; pappus of 2 petaloid scales inserted close to the corolla on either side, entire or notched.  Achenes black, obovate, 2-2.5 mm long"  (Wagner et al ., 1999; p. 347). Habitat/ecology:   "A pioneer species it invades grazing land, disturbed areas, roadsides and cultivated areas" (Smith, 2002; p. 64). "A weed of croplands, pastures, and natural and recreation areas.  Can cause 90% reduction in carrying capacity of pastures.  Contains sesquiterpines and phonolics, which makes parthenium weed allelopathic (suppressive) and causes dermatitis and other allergic reactions in humans and livestock, especially horses.  High water requirement.  Does best in neutral to high pH soils, less prolific on other soils"  (Motooka et al ., 2003). "In Hawai‘i, "naturalized in low elevation, dry pastures or along roadsides." (Wagner et al ., 1999; p. 347). In New Caledonia, "espèce largement répandue et parfois envahissante" (MacKee, 1994; p. 37). Propagation:   "Seed is dispersed by wind, water, as a contaminant of harvested material and by vehicles, machinery or animals. Seeds are light and produced in large quantities, often within three weeks of germination" (Smith, 2002; p. 64). Native range:   Tropical America, but widely naturalized. Presence: Pacific Country/Terr./St.  & Island group Location Cited status  & Cited as invasive  & Cited as cultivated  & Cited as aboriginal introduction? Reference  & Comments French Polynesia French Polynesia Islands French Polynesia Islands   Waterhouse, D. F. (1997) (p. 63) French Polynesia Marquesas Islands Hiva Oa Island introduced invasive Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) French Polynesia Society Islands Raiatea (Havai) Island introduced invasive cultivated Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 78) Voucher cited: Moore 682 French Polynesia Society Islands Tahiti Island introduced invasive cultivated Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 78) Voucher cited: Grant 4514 State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands Hawai‘i (Big) Island introduced invasive Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 347) Kona. Voucher cited: Kawasaki s. n. State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands Kaua‘i Island introduced invasive Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 347) State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands Maui Island introduced invasive Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 347) State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands Moloka‘i Island introduced invasive Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 347) State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands O‘ahu Island introduced invasive Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R. (1995) (p. 16) Voucher cited: E. Funk s.n. (BISH) New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands) introduced invasive Tassin, Jacques (2005) New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) Île Maré introduced invasive MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 37) Voucher cited: Sarasin 482 (Z) New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll) introduced invasive MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 37) Voucher cited: Däniker 2200 New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) Île Tiga introduced invasive MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 37) Voucher cited: MacKee 45864 New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) Île Walpole introduced invasive MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 37) Voucher cited: Cherrier in MacKee 43813 New Caledonia Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) Île Walpole introduced Renevier, Alain/Cherrier, Jean-Francois (1991) (p. 16) Voucher cited: Cherrier in MacKee 44070 New Caledonia New Caledonia New Caledonia Islands introduced invasive Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 100) New Caledonia New Caledonia New Caledonia Islands introduced invasive Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe (1996) (p. 379) Largement répandue et parfois envahissante. New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago Île Grande Terre introduced invasive Tassin, Jacques (2005) New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago Île Grande Terre introduced invasive MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 37) Vouchers cited: Brousmiche 739, Blanchon 799 (NOU), MacKee 16068, MacKee 29584, MacKee 30768 New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago Île des Pins (Isle of Pines) introduced invasive Tassin, Jacques (2005) New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago Île des Pins (Isle of Pines) introduced invasive MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 37) Voucher cited: MacKee 23464 Vanuatu New Hebrides Islands Vanuatu (Republic of)   Swarbrick, John T. (1997) (p. 95) Pacific Rim Country/Terr./St.  & Island group Location Cited status  & Cited as invasive  & Cited as cultivated  & Cited as aboriginal introduction? Reference  & Comments Australia Australia (continental) Northern Territory introduced invasive Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 64) Found at Limmen Bight and the Borroloola region. Australia Australia (continental) Queensland introduced invasive Smith, Nicholas M. (2002) (p. 64) Guatemala Guatemala Guatemala (Republic of) native U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009) Honduras Honduras Honduras (Republic of) native U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009) Mexico Mexico Mexico (United Mexican States) native U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2009) Indian Ocean Country/Terr./St.  & Island group Location Cited status  & Cited as invasive  & Cited as cultivated  & Cited as aboriginal introduction? Reference  & Comments Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues) Mauritius Island   Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. (1979) (p. 266) Comments:   Moderately invasive in New Caledonia (Meyer, 2000; p. 100). A "weed of national significance" in Australia. "A declared noxious weed in Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia" (Smith, 2002; p. 64). Control:   Physical:   "Australian authorities have imposed strict quarantines on contaminated equipment and stock to avoid spread into new areas.  Since the weed only invades bare soil, good pasture management is effective for prevention"  (Motooka et al ., 2003). Chemical: "Effective herbicides include 2,4-D, atrazine, hexazinone, and metsulfuron. Triclopyr is effective on most Asteraceae"  (Motooka et al ., 2003). Biological:   "Australian scientists report the moth Epiblema strenuana promising.  They are also looking at the rust Puccina abrupta var. parthenenicicola and fungi that affect the weed in Mexico"  (Motooka et al ., 2003). Additional information: Information from the book " Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide " (Motooka et al ., 2003) (PDF format). Information from the Global Invasive Species Database . Fact sheet from the Government of Queensland, Australia. (PDF format). Pest Alert No.30 - Incursion of Parthenium weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus ) in Papua New Guinea Web site of the International Parthenium Research News Group (IPRNG) . Weed Management Guide from the Government of Australia. (PDF format). National Strategic Plan from the Government of Australia. (PDF format). Additional online information about Parthenium hysterophorus is available from the  Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR) . Information about Parthenium hysterophorus as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the  Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW) . Taxonomic information about Parthenium hysterophorus may be available from the  Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) . References: Gargominy, Oliver/Bouchet, Philipe/Pascal, Michel/Jaffre, Tanguy/Tourneu, Jean-Christophe. 1996. Conséquences des introductions d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 51:375-401. Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp. Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database. MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p. Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Sherley, G. (tech. ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa. 190 pp. Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. 184 pp. Renevier, Alain/Cherrier, Jean-Francois. 1991. Flore et vegetation de l'Ile de Walpole. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 352. 21 pp. Smith, Nicholas M. 2002. Weeds of the wet/dry tropics of Australia - a field guide. Environment Centre NT, Inc. 112 pp. Swarbrick, John T. 1997. Weeds of the Pacific Islands. Technical paper no. 209. South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 pp. Tassin, Jacques. 2005. Jacques Tassin (IAC-CIRAD), personal communication. U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2009. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database. Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R. 1995. Contributions to the Flora of Hawai‘i. IV. New Records and name changes. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Miller, Scott, E., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1994. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 42:13-27. Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes). Waterhouse, D. F. 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the Southern and Western Pacific. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 93 pp. Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp. Need more info? Have questions? Comments? Information to contribute? Contact PIER! (pier@hear.org)   [   PIER species lists  ]   [   PIER home  ] This page was created on 26 OCT 2001 and was last updated on 2 SEP 2009.

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Kingdom Plantae    Phylum Magnoliophyta    Class Magnoliopsida    Order Asterales    Family Compositae    Genus Parthenium     Parthenium hysterophorus    L., 1753  Provider: Ching-I Peng  Synonyms： Parthenium lobatum ,  Citation: Flora of Taiwan 2nd ed. 4: 1026, 1998  Name Code: 202533 Suggested Link    Discover Life    Flora of Taiwan 2nd eBooks (National Taiwan University)   User Response: