Introduction
Background
The URL for the website is:
http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu:80/~mjwetzel/AqAnnel.GSMNP.html
Site Locality Information
Field Sampling Methodology
Status of Sample Processing
Weekly progress on this project is maintained on the website, listed above.
Projected Goals - Immediate
Projected Goals - Long Range
Ancillary Collections
Deposition of Specimens
Status of Data
http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu:80/~mjwetzel/AqAnnel.GSMNP.html
Related Research Stimulated / Supported by DLIA / ATBI funds
a) Compilation of the Annelida volume being underwritten by the American Fisheries Society
Committee on Names of Aquatic Invertebrates of North America, including an annotated list
with published records for species by state, province, and habitat (marine, estuarine, freshwater,
terrestrial, and introduced species);
b) Distributional records for species from 1st through 4th order streams in mountainous areas
of North Carolina that had not been surveyed by or included in Whitley (1982); and
c) The association of unique, rare, and possibly undescribed species of aquatic annelids with
springs and their springruns throughout North Americaparticularly oligochaete species in the
genera Rhyacodrilus, Spirosperma, and Varichaetadrilus (family Tubificidae) (see Webb et al.
1995; 1997; 1998).
Acknowledgments
Brinkhurst, R.O. 1978. Freshwater Oligochaeta in Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56(10):
2166-2175.
Brinkhurst, R.O. 1986. Guide to the freshwater aquatic microdrile oligochaetes of North America.
Canadian Special Publication in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 84. vi + 259 pp.
Britton, D.K., and M.J. Wetzel. 1999. First records for freshwater oligochaetes (Annelida,
Oligochaeta, Naididae) in the Hawaiian Islands, USA, with notes on their association with an alien
snail (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Ampullariidae). Occasional Papers of the Bishop Museum - Records
of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1998. Vol. 59(Part 2): 39-42.
Hiltunen, J.K., & D.J. Klemm. 1980. A guide to the Naididae (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta) of
North America. EPA-600/4-80-031. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Office
of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268. 48 pp.
Howmiller, R., and M.S. Loden. 1976. Identification of Wisconsin Tubificidae and Naididae.
Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Science Arts & Letters 64: 185-197.
Kathman, R.D., and R.O. Brinkhurst. 1998. Guide to the freshwater oligochaetes of North America.
Aquatic Resources Center, 6604 Third Street, College Grove, TN 37046. vi + 264 pp.
Klemm, D.J., ed. 1985. A guide to the freshwater Annelida (Polychaeta, naidid and tubificid
Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea) of North America. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, IA.
xiii + 198 pp.
Madill, J., K.A. Coates, M.J. Wetzel, and S.R. Gelder. 1992. Common and scientific names of
aphanoneuran and clitellate annelids of the United States and Canada. Soil Biology &
Biochemistry 24(12): 1259-1262.
Milligan, M.R. 1998. Identification manual for the aquatic Oligochaeta of Florida, Volume I.
Freshwater oligochaetes. v + 187 pp. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Twin
Towers Office Building, 2600 Blair Stone Road, Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400 USA.
Smith. M.E. 1984. Aquatic Oligochaeta (Naididae) of Washington. Northwest Science 8(3):
165-170.
Spencer, D.R. 1980. The aquatic Oligochaeta of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes region, pp. 115-164.
In: R. O. Brinkhurst and D. G. Cook, eds. Aquatic oligochaete biology. Plenum Press, New York.
Spencer, D.R., and R E. Wisseman. 1993. Some new records of Naididae and Tubificidae (Annelida:
Oligochaeta) from Washington. Great Basin Naturalist 53(4): 395-401.
Stimpson, K.S., D.J. Klemm, and J.K. Hiltunen. 1982. A guide to the freshwater Tubificidae
(Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta) of North America. Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH. EPA-600/3-82-033. x + 61 pp.
Strayer, D. 1990. Pp. 373-397, In: Pecharsky, B.L., P.R. Fraissinet, M.A. Penton, and D.J.
Conklin, Jr. Freshwater macroinvertebrates of northeastern North America. Comstock
Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. xi + 442 pp.
Webb, D.W., M.J. Wetzel, P.C. Reed, L.R. Phillippe, and M.A. Harris. 1995. Aquatic biodiversity
in Illinois springs. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 68(2)suppl.: 93-107.
Webb, D.W., M.J. Wetzel, P.C. Reed, L.R. Phillippe, and T.C. Young. 1997. Illinois springs.
Illinois Natural History Survey Reports 345: 2-3. May/June 1997.
Webb, D.W., M.J. Wetzel, P.C. Reed, L.R. Phillippe, and T.C. Young. 1998. The
macro-invertebrate biodiversity, water quality, and hydrogeology of ten karst springs in the Salem
Plateau Section of Illinois, USA. Pages 39-48, In: L. Botosaneanu (ed.). Studies in
Crenobiology - The biology of springs and springbrooks. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The
Netherlands. 261 pp. ISBN 90-73348-04-8.
Wetzel, M.J. 1982. Aquatic Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in Kansas, with notes on their
distribution and ecology. Technical Publications of the State Biological Survey Kansas 12:
112-130.
Wetzel, M.J. 1992. Aquatic Annelida of Illinois: Introduction and checklist of species. Transactions
of the Illinois State Academy of Science 85(1 and 2): 87-101. [updated list available at the
following Web site: [ http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu:80/~mjwetzel/Awoi.mjw.www.hmpg.list.html ]
Wetzel, M.J., G. Oberlin, and D.W. Blinn. 1999 [in press]. The aquatic Oligochaeta (Annelida:
Clitellata) of Montezuma Well, Arizona - a near thermally constant limnocrene. Southwestern
Naturalist 44(4): xxx-xxx.
Whitley, L. S. 1982. Aquatic Oligochaeta. Pp. 2.1-2.29, In A.R. Brigham, W.U. Brigham, & A. Gnilka, eds. Aquatic insects and oligochaetes of North and South Carolina. Midwest Aquatic Enterprises, Mahomet, Illinois. 61853. [837 pp.]
Appendix 1
1. North Carolina, Swain Co., Noland Creek, 5.3 mi (8.5 km) NW Bryson City, 40-100m
downstream (SSW) Lake View Drive bridge, in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Latitude:
3527'29" North; Longitude: 8331'40" West. UTM: Zone 17, 0270625m East, 3926590m North.
Noland Creek, N.C. (7.5' series, 1961 edition, photorevised 1978; NAD 1927) USGS tqm. 23
September 1999. MJW#1999-39. Colls.: M.J. Wetzel (INHS), M.A. Morgan (FDEP).
2. North Carolina, Swain Co., Deep Creek, 2.35 mi (3.8 km) NNE Bryson City, at picnic area,
along west side Deep Creek, 250m upstream main road bridge; in Great Smoky Mountains
National Park. Latitude: 3527'40" North; Longitude: 8326'12" West. UTM: Zone 17, 0278930m
East, 3926680m North. Bryson City, N.C. (7.5' series, 1961 edition, photorevised 1978; NAD
1927) USGS tqm. 23 September 1999. MJW#1999-40. Colls.: M.J. Wetzel (INHS), M.A.
Morgan (FDEP).
3. North Carolina, Swain Co., Tom Branch, 2.8 mi (4.5 km) NNE Bryson City, 10-35m
downstream gravel road culvert (approx. 1 mi ENE Deep Creek picnic area); in Great Smoky
Mountains National Park. Latitude: 3527'55" North; Longitude: 8325'35" West. UTM: Zone 17,
0279790m East, 3927240m North. Bryson City, N.C. (7.5' series, 1961 edition, photorevised
1978; NAD 1927) USGS tqm. 23 September 1999. MJW#1999-41. Colls.: M.J. Wetzel
(INHS), M.A. Morgan (FDEP).
4. Tennessee, Sevier Co., Roaring Fork, 2.9 mi (4.7 km) ESE Gatlinburg, 10-60m downstream 1st
bridge (most upstream) crossing of Cherokee Orchard Road / Roaring Fork Motor Nature Trail
(one-way, counterclockwise), just N of old cemetery, near old cabins and Grapeyard Ridge
trailhead; in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Latitude: 3541'30" North; Longitude:
8328'00" West. UTM: Zone 17, 0276790m East, 3952675m North. Mount Le Conte, TENN. -
N.C. (7.5' series, 1964 edition; NAD 1927) USGS tqm. 24 September 1999. MJW#1999-42.
Colls.: M.J. Wetzel (INHS), M.A. Morgan (FDEP).
5. Tennessee, Sevier Co., Greenbrier Spring and springrun, 3.45 mi (5.5 km) SSE Pinnacle (small
town east of Gatlinburg); also, 2.15 mi / 3.5 km SE Greenbrier Ranger station, near Greenbrier
picnic pavilion, along Little Pigeon River gravel road; in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Latitude: 3542'10" North, Longitude: 8323'12" West. UTM: Zone 17, 284040m East, 3953410m
North. Mount Le Conte, TENN. - N.C. (7.5' series, 1964 edition; NAD 1927) USGS tqm. 24
September 1999. MJW#1999-43a, MJW#1999-43b. Colls.: M.J. Wetzel (INHS), M.A. Morgan
(FDEP).
6. Tennessee, Sevier Co., Little Pigeon River, 1 mi (1.6 km) SSE Pinnacle (town east of
Gatlinburg); also, 0.35 mi / 0.56 km NW Greenbrier Ranger station, near 'the notch' gravel parking
area, along the Little Pigeon River road; in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Latitude:
3544'59" North; Longitude: 8324'38" West. UTM: Zone 17, 0281950m East, 3956850m North.
Mount Le Conte, TENN. - N.C. (7.5' series, 1964 edition; NAD 1927) USGS tqm. 24 September
1999. MJW#1999-44. Colls.: M.J. Wetzel (INHS), M.A. Morgan (FDEP).
7. Tennessee, Blount Co., Laurel Creek, 3 mi (4.8 km) SE Townsend, along north side Laurel
Creek Road to Cades Cove (1.25 mi SSW intersection with road to Townsend); WSW Tremont
Ranger station, in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Latitude: 3538'32" North, Longitude:
8342'55" West. UTM: Zone 17, 0254140m East, 3947480m North. Wear Cove, TENN. (7.5'
series, 1953 edition, photorevised 1974) USGS tqm. 25 September 1999. MJW#1999-45. Colls.:
M.J. Wetzel (INHS), M.A. Morgan (FDEP).
8. Tennessee, Blount Co., Forge Creek, 3.35 mi (5.4 km) SSW Cades Cove (historical village), at S
edge of Gregory Ridge trailhead parking area / Forge Creek road loop, just past the turnoff to
Parson Branch Road (one-way to south), in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Latitude:
3533'40" North, Longitude: 8350'45" West. UTM: Zone 17, 0242060m East, 3938920m North.
Cades Cove, TENN. - N.C. (7.5' series, 1964 edition, photoinspected 1976; NAD 1927) USGS
tqm. 25 September 1999. MJW#1999-46. Colls.: M.J. Wetzel (INHS), M.A. Morgan (FDEP).
9. Tennessee, Blount Co., Parson Branch, 3.85 mi (6.2 km) E Calderwood (BM 877); south of
Cades Cove, along E side Parson Branch Road (one-way to south), 0.5 mi NE US Rt 129 / TN Rts
72, 115); 400m downstream confluence of Black Gum Branch / Bible Creek, across road from
small gravel parking area; in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Latitude: 3530'12" North,
Longitude: 8355'42" North. UTM: Zone 17, 0234400m East, 3932600m North. Calderwood,
TENN. (7.5' series, 1964 edition; NAD 1927) USGS tqm. 25 September 1999. MJW#1999-47.
Colls.: M.J. Wetzel (INHS), M.A. Morgan (FDEP).
10. North Carolina, Swain Co., Oconaluftee River, 0.6 mi (0.97 km) NW Smokemont Horse Camp
bridge, along E side Hwy 441 / Newfound Gap Road (also, 0.4 mi WNW BM 2199, or 300m SW
Bradley Cemetery), N of Cherokee; in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Latitude: 3533'23"
North, Longitude: 8319'15" West. UTM: Zone 17, 0289860m East, 3937070m North.
Smokemont, N.C. (7.5' series, 1964 edition, photoinspected 1987; NAD 1927) USGS tqm. 26
September 1999. MJW#1999-48. Colls.: M.J. Wetzel (INHS), M.A. Morgan (FDEP).
11. North Carolina, Swain Co., Collins Creek, 1.7 mi (2.7 km) NW Smokemont Horse Camp (BM
2199), north side of Collins Creek picnic area at 'elbow' of creek (just west of Hwy 441/Newfound
Gap Road); in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Latitude: 3534'05" North, Longitude:
8320"13' West. UTM: Zone 17, 0288200m East, 3938290m North. Smokemont, N.C. (7.5'
series, 1964 edition, photoinspected 1987; NAD 1927) USGS tqm. 26 September 1999.
MJW#1999-49. Colls.: M.J. Wetzel (INHS), M.A. Morgan (FDEP).
12. Tennessee, Sevier Co., Alum Cave Creek, 6.8 mi (10.9 km) SE Gatlinburg [also, 1 mi / 1.6 km
ESE "The Loop" (BM 3498) of Hwy 441], 30-70m upstream footbridge on Alum Cave Trail (to
Alum Cave and Mt. Le Conte) (also, 130m upstream confluence Alum Cave Creek with Walker
Camp Prong), just east of Hwy 441 / Newfound Gap Road; in Great Smoky Mountains National
Park. Latitude: 3537'46" North, Longitude: 8327'08" West. UTM: Zone 17, 0278100m East,
3945440m North. Mount Le Conte, TENN. - N.C. (7.5' series, 1964 edition; NAD 1927) USGS
tqm. 26 September 1999. MJW#1999-50. Colls.: M.J. Wetzel (INHS), M.A. Morgan (FDEP).
Appendix 2
SITE | Ambient Temp. (C) | Water Temp. (C) | Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) | pH | Specific Conductivity (umhods) | Salinity (ppt) | |
1. Noland Creek | 18.0 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 6.8 | 13.3 | 0.0 | |
2. Deep Creek | 20.8 | 12.5 | 9.4 | 6.8 | 13.0 | 0.0 | |
3. Tom Branch | 16.2 | 13.0 | 9.2 | 7.1 | 17.2 | 0.0 | |
4. Roaring Fork | 19.5 | 12.8 | 8.9 | 6.7 | 15.2 | 0.0 | |
5. Greenbrier Spring (at springhead) | 18.4 | 13.5 | 8.8 | 6.2 | 31.8 | 0.0 | |
6. Little Pigeon River | 19.0 | 16.5 | 8.9 | 6.8 | 20.1 | 0.0 | |
7. Laurel Creek | 20.0 | 12.4 | 9.5 | 7.2 | 35.2 | 0.0 | |
8. Forge Creek | 21.0 | 15.0 | 8.1 | 6.6 | 11.1 | 0.0 | |
9. Parson Branch | 24.0 | 14.5 | 8.7 | 7.2 | 41.0 | 0.0 | |
10. Oconaluftee River | 18.0 | 13.5 | 9.1 | 6.7 | 13.5 | 0.0 | |
11. Collins Creek | 22.2 | 13.5 | 9.0 | 6.8 | 11.7 | 0.0 | |
12. Alum Cave Creek | 18.2 | 13.0 | 8.6 | 4.8 | 13.5 | 0.0 |