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Superfamily TENTHREDINOIDEA
Family DIPRIONIDAE

A small family found in the coniferous forests of the Northern Hemisphere with about 91
world species in 11 genera. Though more common in the cool northern regions, representatives
are found as far south as north Africa, Pakistan, north India, Thailand, El Salvador, and Cuba.
Hosts are restricted to conifers; consequently, they are commonly called conifer sawflies. Lar-
vae defoliate the host, and sporadic outbreaks may occur in forest stands resulting in loss of
growth and sometimes tree mortality. Many are also a nuisance in plantations, nurseries, and or-
namental plantings. All larvae feed on the needles except for those of Augomonoctenus
libocedrii Rohwer which feeds in the developing cones of incense cedar. In addition to the
foliage, some may also feed on the tender bark of new twigs. Most larvae are gregarious at first
but later disperse on the tree in search of new food. Overwintering is either as an egg in the
needles or as a prepupa in a cocoon in the forest litter. Adults are short-Hved and are most easily
obtained by rearing. Depending on the species and sometimes the latitude, there may be from
one to five generations a year; however, sometimes it takes more than one year to complete a
life cycle. Diapause is common in many species.

Because this is an economically important group, literature references are numerous. The
literature cited here for many species is not complete and would take many more pages. Some
early literature, expecially prior to 1943, is not reliable because the taxonomy has changed to
such an extent that it is impossible to tell to which species the articles refer. The taxonomy of
some groups, Neodiprion in particular, is still flexuous.

Taxonomy: Benson, 1939. Bui. Ent. Res. 30: 339-342 (genera of world). —Benson, 1945. Bui.
Ent. Res. 36: 163-164 (world classification). — Gussakovskii, 1947. Faune de L'URSS, Ins.
Hym., v. 2, 234 pp. (Palaearctic species). —Benson, 1954. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Proc, Ser.
B: Taxonomy 23: 115-118 (world genera of Monocteninae). —Wong, 1951. Ont. Ent. Soc,
Ann. Rpt. 82, pp. 63, 66 (cocoons). -Smith, 1974. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 76: 409-418 (key to
N. Amer. genera; list world spp.).

Biology: Craighead, 1950. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 657, pp. 542-591 (eastern forests).
— Raizenne, 1957. Canad. Dept. Agr., Pub. 1009, pp. 11-24 (sawflies of s. Ont. and their
parasites). —Bird, 1955. Canad. Ent. 87: 124-127 (virus diseases). — Atwood, 1961. Ont.
Ent. Soc, Proc. 1960, 91: 205-215 (current status in Ont.). — Coppel and Benjamin, 1965.
Ann. Rev. Ent. 10: 69-96 (binomics of Nearctic pine-feeding diprionids). — Ryvkin, 1969.
Beitr. Ent. 19: 595-605 (complexes of natural enemies). — Philogene, 1971. Ent. Soc.
Quebec, Ann. 16: 112-119 (diapause). —Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp.
439-453 (eastern forests). — Knerer and Atwood, 1973. Science 179: 1090-1099
(polymorphism and speciation).

Subfamily MONOCTENINAE

Larvae of this subfamily feed on Cupressaceae.

Genus MONOCTENUS Dahlbom

Monoctenus Dahlbom, 1835. Conspectus Tenthred., Siricid., Oryssin. Scand., p. 7.
Type-species: Tenthredo juniperi Linnaeus. Monotypic.

A small holarctic genus with about 10 species. The genus also extends into Mexico.

Monoctenus fulvus (Norton)
Ont., Ill, Kans., Okla., Tex. Host: Junipenis virginiana.
Lophynis fnlvus Norton, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 86. ♀.
Lopkynis {Monoctenus) juniperi Marlatt, 1888. Kans. Acad. Sci., Trans. 10: 82. ♀, ♂.

Preocc. by Linnaeus, 1758.
Monoctenus unicolor Marlatt, 1890. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 2: 125. N. name for juniperi

Marlatt.

Biology: Marlatt, 1888. Kans. Acad. Sci., Trans. 10: 80-82. —Smith, 1943. Kans. State Bd.
Agr., Rpt. 62: 385.

Monoctenus melliceps (Cresson)
Mass., Ont.

Lophynis melliceps Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: 26. ♀.

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Monoctenus suffusus (Cresson)
Que., Maine, Mass., Conn., Ont., N. Y. Host: Jnnipenis virginiana, Thuja
occidentalis.
Lopliynis sufjusus Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: 26. ♀.
Monoctenus piniperinus MacGillivray, 1894. Canad. Ent. 26: 328. ♀. N. syn.

Biology: Britton, 1925. Conn. (State) Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 265: 336. —Brown, 1940. Canada
Dept. Agr., Forest Ins. Survey, 4th Ann. Rpt. for 1939, p. 18.

Genus AUGOMONOCTENUS Rohwer

Augomonoctenus Rohwer, 1918. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 20: 81.

Type-species: Aiigovionoctemis libocedrii Rohwer. Orig. desig.

An exclusively North American genus, where it is found in Oregon, California, and Arizona.
The Arizona species is unidentified.

Augomonoctenus libocedrii Rohwer
Oreg., Calif. Ecology: Larvae feed inside cones. Host: Libocedrus

decurrens.
Augomonoctenus libocedrii Rohwer, 1918. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 20: 81. ♀.

Biology: Middlekauff, 1967. Pan-Pacific Ent. 43: 272.

Augomonoctenus pilosus Middlekauff
Calif. (Cholame, San Luis Obispo Co.).

Augorno7wcte7ius pilosus Middlekauff, 1967. Pan-Pacific Ent. 43: 272. ♀.

Subfamily DIPRIONINAE

Larvae of this subfamUy feed on Pinaceae.

Genus ZADIPRION Rohwer

Neodiprion subg. Zadiprion Rohwer, 1918. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 20: 83.
Type-species: Diprion grandis Rohwer. Orig. desig.

A small genus of four or five species, two of which are found in the United States, the others
in Mexico.

Revision: Middleton, 1931. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 33: 165-170. -Smith, 1971. Ent. Soc. Wash.,
Proc. 73: 187-197.

Taxonomy: Smith, 1974. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 76: 415 (key to spp.).

Zadiprion rohweri (Middleton)
Colo., N. Mex., Utah, Nev., Calif. Host: Finns monophylla, P. edulis.

Neodiprion {Zadiprion) rohweri Middleton, 1931. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 33: 166. ♀, ♂.

Zadiprion townsendi (Cockerell)
S. Dak., Nebr., Colo., N. Mex., Ariz. Host: Pinus ponderosa.

Lophyrus townsendi Cockerell, 1898. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 7) 2: 457. ♀.

Diprion grandis Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 43: 208. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Swenk, 1911. Nebr. Agr. Expt. Sta., Ann. Rpt. 24, pp. 1-33 ("bull pine sawfly").

Genus NEODIPRION Rohwer

Neodiprion Rohwer, 1918. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 20: 83.
Type-species: Lophyrus lecontei Fitch. Orig. desig.

All species of Neodiprion are found in North America. The only Palaearctic species, N. ser-
tifer, was accidentally introduced. In North America, representatives of this genus are found as
far south as El Salvador. Neodiprion contains most of the destructive species of Diprionidae in
North America. Damage is caused by larval defoliation of valuable timber species in forest
stands, plantations, and ornamental plantings. Outbreaks occur sporadically, sometimes over ex-
tensive areas and result in loss of growth and occasionally tree mortality. Life cycles differ
between species. In general, oviposition is in the needles of the host and the larvae feed gregari-
ously at first but later spread out in search of new food. Feeding may be on the new or old
growth, or both. Mature larvae go into the ground and spin a tough, papery cocoon in which they
pupate. Overwintering is either as an egg in the foliage or in a cocoon in the ground, and there
may be from one to five generations per year depending on the species and climate.

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The taxonomy of this genus is based on female genitalia, though in many cases it is necessary
to have larvae and accompanying biological data for correct determination. Determination of a
single stage is sometimes not possible. Characters have not been found for separation of males.
A number of confusing species complexes remain to be studied, and the listing below is not so
clear-cut as it appears. Some complexes may represent a single species with a number of geo-
graphic or food plant races or may represent a number of separate species units. Complications
arise when apparently similar larvae produce different adults and different larvae produce
similar adults. Further taxonomic work on Neodiprion will have to involve studies of all stages
and biologies of each form from different parts of their ranges. Those who encounter
Neodiprioii in the field are urged to rear adults, keep associated larvae of each instar, and take
notes on their life cycles.

Revision: Atwood and Peck, 1943. Canad. Jour. Res., Sect. D., Zool. Sci. 21: 109-144 (pine
feeding species of e. Canada). —Ross, 1955. Forest Sci. 1: 196-209 (N. Amer. species).

Taxonomy: West, Horwood, Bourns, and Hudson, 1959. Ent. Soc. Ont., Rpt. 89: 58-68
(serological and chromatographic studies). —Wallace, 1964. Canad. Ent. 96: 162
(spectrophotometry in taxonomy). — Schaefer and Wallace, 1967. Canad. Ent. 99: 574-577
(larval hemolymph amino acids as a taxonomic character).

Biology: Keen, 1938. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 273 (rev. 1952), pp. 116-120 (western
forests). — Schaffner, 1943. Jour. Forestry 41: 580-588 (conifer sawflies in n. e. states).
—Atwood, 1943. In Atwood and Peck, Canad. Jour. Res., Sect. D, Zool. Sci. 21: 123-137
(pine feeding species in e. Canada). —Craighead, 1950. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 657, pp.
550-557 (eastern forests). — McCormick and Andresen, 1961. Amer. Mus. Nov. 2032, 6 pp.
(in s. N. J.). — MacAloney and Schmiege, 1962. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Service, Lake
States Forest Expt. Sta. Paper 100, 42 pp. (conifer insects). —Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept.
Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp. 439-450 (eastern forests).

Species Group Lecontei

Neodiprion abbotii (Leach)
Que., Ont. to Fla. w. to Wis. Host: Pinus caribaea, P. echinata, P. elliottii var.

densa, P. heterophylla, P. palitstris, P. resinosa, P. taeda.
Lophyrus Abbotii Leach, 1817. Zool. Misc., v. 3, p. 120. ♀.
Lophyrus Fabiicii Leach, 1817. Zool. Misc., v. 3, p. 120. ♀.
Lophyrus americanus Leach, 1817. Zool. Misc., v. 3, p. 120. ♀.
Lophyrus rileyi Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: 25. ♀.
Neodiprion (Neodiprion) eximina Rohwer, 1921. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 59: 92. ♀.
Neodiprion {Neodiprion) ferrugineum Middleton, 1933. Canad. Ent. 65: 82. ♀.
Neodiprion flemingi Peck, 1943. in Atwood and Peck, Canad. Jour. Res., Sect. D, Zool. Sci.

21: 121.9 .

Biology: Atwood, 1943. In Atwood and Peck, Canad. Jour. Res., Sect. D. Zool. Sci. 21: 132-133
(larva, biology of flemingi). — Hetrick, 1956. Forest Sci. 2: 181 (as abbottii). — Finlayson,
1963. Canad. Ent. 95: 475-476 (parasites). -Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175,
p. 447.

Neodiprion compar (Leach)
N. B., Que., Ont., Va., N. C, Ga., Fla. Host: Pinus banksiana, P. resinosa, and

probably other pines.
Lophyrus compar Leach, 1817. Zool. Misc., v. 3, p. 120. ♀.
Lophyrus lateralis Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: 25. ♀.
Neodiprion lanielensis Peck, 1943. In Atwood and Peck, Canad. Jour. Res., Sect. D, Zool.

Sci. 21: 115. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Atwood, 1943. In Atwood and Peck, Canad. Jour. Res., Sect. D, Zool. Sci. 21: 132
(larva, biology of lanielensis).

Neodiprion dubiosus Schedl
Ont., Wis. and probably adjacent states and provinces. Host: Pinus
banksiana.
Neodiprion dubiostis Schedl, 1933. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent., Beihefte 20: 449. Larva.

Taxonomy: Schedl, 1935. Deut. Ent. Gesell. Mitt. 6: 39-44 (adults). —Becker, Wilkinson, and
Benjamin, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 173-178 (female, larva; separation from related
species).

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Biology: Schedl, 1937. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent., Beihefte 24: 51-54. — Schedl, 1939. Internatl.
Kong. Ent., Berlin 1938, sect. 7, bd. 3, pp. 2053-2103.

Neodiprion excitans Rohwer
Del, Va. to Fla. w. to III, Okla., Tex.; Brit. Honduras(?), El Salvador(?).
Host: Pi7ius clausa, P. echinata, P. elliottii, P. glabra, P. paiustris, P. rigida, P.
serotina, P. taeda.
Neodiprion (Neodiprion) excitans Rohwer, 1921. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 59: 93. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Hetrick, 1956. Forest Sci. 2: 182 ("exitans"). — Hetrick, 1959. Fla. Ent. 42: 159.
— Fatzinger, 1964. Jour. Econ. Ent. 57: 412 (larval survival of subfreezing temperatures).
—Wilkinson, 1964. Jour. Econ. Ent. 57: 786 (collection of cocoons in tree bands).
—Wilkinson, 1964. Canad. Ent. 96: 1142 (development in relation to oviposition and pine
needle growth). —Thatcher, 1967. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Pest Leaflet 105, 4 pp.
—Wilkinson, 1968. Fla. Ent. 51: 199. -Wilkinson, 1971. Fla. Ent. 54: 343-344 (on Pinus
clausa in Fla.). -Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp. 449-450. — Doggett,
1972. Jour. Econ. Ent. 65: 701-702 (in N. C).

Neodiprion hetricki Ross
Va., S. C. Host: Piiius taeda, P. serotina.
Neodiprion hetricki Ross, 1955. Forest Sci. 1: 202. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Hetrick, 1956. Forest Sci. 2: 182. -Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, p.
450 (hosts).

Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch)
N. B., Que., Ont. to Fla. w. to Minn., Mo., Ark., Tex. Ecology: Larvae feed on
many species of native and exotic pines, but adults oviposit only on hard pines. This
species shows a preference for trees less than 15 ft. high and is often a problem in
nurseries and plantations. Larvae may feed on the tender bark of young twigs as well
as on pine needles. Host: Pinus banksiayia, P. sylvestris, P. clausa, P. echinata, P.
elliottii, P. paiustris, P. resiyiosa, P. rigida, P. taeda, P. virginiana are preferred hosts.
The following are sometimes attacked when growing with the preferred hosts: Pinus
contorta, P. densiflora, P. monticola, P. niugho, P. nigra, P. ponderosa, P. strobus, P.
thunbergii, Cedrus deodara, Larix laricina, Picea abies. Thuja occidentalis. Redheaded
pine sawfly.
Lophyrus lecontei Fitch, 1858. N. Y. State Agr. Soc, Trans. 17: 744.

Biology: Middleton, 1921. Jour. Agr. Res. 20: 741-760. — Middleton, 1922. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Farmers' Bui. 1259, 3 pp. — Beal, 1942. Jour. Forestry 40: 562-563 (host mortality).
— Schaffner, 1951. U. S. Dept. Agr., Leaflet 296, 4 pp. —Baldwin and House, 1954. Canad.
Jour. Zool. 32: 9-15 (effects of thermal conditioning in larva). —Green, 1954. Canad. Ent.
86: 261-274 (humidity reactions and water balance of larva). —Green, 1954. Canad. Ent. 86:
371-376 (function of eyes and antenna in orientation). —Benjamin, 1955. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Tech. Bui. 1118, 57 pp. (biology, control, literature prior to 1954). — MacAloney, 1957. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Forest Pest Leaflet 14, 4 pp. —Griffiths, 1960. Canad. Ent. 92: 430-435
(oviposition). — Finlayson, 1963. Canad. Ent. 95: 478-480 (parasites). —Wilson, 1970. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Forest Pest Leaflet 14 (rev.), 6 pp. —Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub.
1175, pp. 439-441.

Neodiprion maurus Rohwer
Ont., Wis., Minn. Host: Pinus banksiayia.

Neodiprion (Neodiprion) ynaurus Rohwer, 1918. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 20: 89. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Atwood, 1943. In Atwood and Peck, Canad. Jour. Res., Sect. D, Zool. Sci. 21: 131.
—Tripp and Wallace, 1965. Canad. Dept. Forestry, Forest Ent. and Path. Branch Ann.
Rpt. 1965, p. 95.

Neodiprion merkeli Ross
Ga., Fla. Host: Pinus elliottii var. densa. Slash pine sawfly.
Neodiprion merkeli Ross, 1961. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 54: 452. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Wilkinson, 1965. Fla. Ent. 48: 271. -Wilkinson, 1968. Fla. Ent. 51: 199. (a hybrid of
N. warreni X A^. excitans ? ). —Wilkinson, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 241-247
(oviposition pattern; descriptions of stages).

Neodiprion nigroscutum Middleton
Ont., Mich., Wis. Host: Pinus banksiayia is preferred, but also on P.
resinosa, P. strobus.
Neodiprion (Neodiprion) nigroscutum Middleton, 1933. Canad. Ent. 65: 80. ♀.

Taxonomy: Wallace and Sipple, 1958. Jour. Econ. Ent. 51: 125 (distribution).

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Biology: Becker and Benjamin, 1967. Canad. Ent. 99: 146-159.

Neodiprion pinetum (Norton)
Newfoundland to N. C. w. to 111., Iowa, Mo. Ecology: Found especially in

ornamental plantings of white pine. Host: Piiius strobus, to a much lesser extent Pinus
echinata, P. niugho, P. resitiosa, P. rigida. White pine sawfly.
Lophyrus pinetum Norton, 1869. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 328. ♀.
Lophynis pinetorum Dalla Torre, 1894. Cat. Hym., v. 1, p. 297. Emend.

Biology: Britton, 1925. Conn. (State) Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 265: 337. —Brown, 1938. Ont. Ent.
Soc, Ann. Rpt. 1937, p. 14. — Pierson, 1943. Maine Forestry Comm., Ed. 5, p. 55. — Atwood,
1943. In Atwood and Peck, Canad. Jour. Res., Sect. D, Zool. Sci. 21: 128. -Reeks and
Smith, 1945. Acad. Nat. 2: 10. -Finlayson, 1963. Canad. Ent. 95: 481-482 (parasites).
—Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. agr.. Misc. Pub. 1175, p. 446.

Neodiprion pinusrigidae (Norton)
Maine, Mass., N. Y., N. J. Host: Pinus rigida, P. echinata.
Lophyrus pinus-rigida Norton, 1868. In Packard, Guide Study Ins., p. 228.
Lophyrus Akhursti Norton, 1869. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 234. ♀.
Lophyrus pini-rigidae Packard, 1881. Ins. Injurious Trees, pp. 399-400. Emend.

Biology: Schaffner, 1943. Jour. Forestry 41: 587.

Neodiprion pratti
***authority mismatch
banksianae Rohwer. N. B., Que. w. to Man., Mich., Wis., Minn. Host: Pinus banksiana;
also on Pinus resinosa and P. sylvestris if grown with preferred host. Jack pine sawfly.
Neodiprion (Neodiprion) banksianae Rohwer, 1925. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 27: 115. ♀, ♂.
Neodiprion (Neodiprion) ontarioensis Middleton, 1933. Canad. Ent. 65: 83. ♀.

Biology: Atwood, 1943. In Atwood and Peck, Canad. Jour. Res., Sect. D, Zool. Sci. 21: 130.
—Green, 1954. Canad. Ent. 86: 261-274 (humidity reactions and water balance of larva).
—Ghent, 1955. Canad. Ent. 87: 229-238 (oviposition). — Shenefelt and Benjamin, 1955. Wis.
Agr. Col., Ext. Cir. 500: 30-31. —Green and de Freitas, 1955. Canad. Ent. 87: 427 (frass
drop studies). —Ghent, 1957. Canad. Jour. Zool. 36: 175-183 (feeding orientation). — Ewan,
1957. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Pest Leaflet 17, 4 pp. —Ghent, 1960. Behaviour 16: 110-148
(group feeding behavior of larvae). —Griffiths, 19(50. Canad. Ent. 92: 653-658 (parasites).
—Finlayson, 1963. Canad. Ent. 95: 482-483 (parasites). — Moens and Atwood, 1963. Canad.
Ent. 95: 779-782 (inheritance of larva color pattern). — McLeod, 1968. Canad. Bi-Monthly
Res. Notes 24: 5-6 (in Que.). — Tostowaryk, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1424-1427
(relationship between parasitism and predation). —Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc.
Pub. 1175, pp. 442-443.

Morphology: Ghent, 1956. Canad. Ent. 88: 17-23 (linear increment in width of head capsule).

Neodiprion pratti
***authority mismatch
paradoxicus Ross. N. S., N. B., Maine s. to Md. Host: Pinus banksiana, P. rigida, P.
sylvestris, P. echinata.
Neodiprion pratti paradoxicus Ross, 1955. Forest Sci. 1: 199. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Forbes, Underwood, Cuming, and Eidt, 1961. Canad. Dept. Forestry, Forest Ent.
and Path. Branch, Ann. Rpt. 1961, p. 27. —Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc Pub. 1175,
p. 443.

Neodiprion pratti
***authority mismatch
pratti (Dyar). N. J. to N. C. w. to Ohio, Ind., 111., Ky. Host: Pinus virginiana, P.
echinata are preferred hosts, but also on Pinus rigida, P. taeda, P. palustris, P.
resiyiosa, and Picea abies.
Lophyrus pratti Dyar, 1899. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc. 4: 262. ♀.
Neodiprion {Neodiprion) dyari Rohwer, 1918. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 20: 85. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Hetrick, 1956. Forest Sci. 2: 183. — Mclntyre and Dutky, 1961. Jour. Econ. Ent. 54:
809-810 (virus for control). — Bobb, 1963. Jour. Econ. Ent. 56: 618-621. —Morris,
Schroeder, and Bobb, 1963. Pine sawfly in Va., Va. Div. Forestry, 42 pp. — Schaefer, 1964.
U. S. Forest Service, Res. Paper WO-2, 8 pp. —Bobb, 1965. Jour. Econ. Ent. 58: 925-926
(parasites, predators). —Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp. 441-442.

Morphology: Schaefer, 1965. Canad. Ent. 97: 941-945 (fatty acids). —Schaefer, Kaplanis, and
Robbins, 1965. Jour. Ins. Physiol. 11: 1013-1021 (relations of sterols to two host plants).

Neodiprion rugifrons Middleton
Ont, Wis. Host: Pinus banksiana.

Neodiprion {Neodiprion) rugifrons Middleton, 1933. Canad. Ent. 65: 79. ♀.

Taxonomy: Becker, Wilkinson, and Benjamin, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 173-178.

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Biology: Wilitinson, Becker, and Benjamin, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 786-792. —Baker,
1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, p. 447.

Neodiprion swainei Middleton
N. B., Que. w. to Man., Mich., Wis., Minn. Host: Pinus ba^iksiana is

preferred, but also on Pinus resinosa, P. strobus, and P. sylvestris if near preferred
host. Swaine jack pine sawfly.
Neodiprion (Neodiprio7i) swahiei Middleton, 1931. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 33: 171. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Atwood, 1943. In Atwood and Peck, Canad. Jour. Res., Sect. D, Zool. Sci. 21: 137.
—Ghent and Wallace, 1958. Forest Sci. 4: 264-272 (oviposition). —Wallace and Sipple, 1958.
Jour. Econ. Ent. 51: 125 (in Mich.). —Franklin, 1959. Ent. News 70: 62. —Smirnoff, 1959.
Canad. Ent. 91: 246-248 (predators). —Smirnoff, 1960. Canad. Ent. 92: 957-958 (migration
phenomenon). —Smirnoff, 1961. Jour. Ins. Path. 3: 29-46 (virus diseases). — McLeod, 1961.
Canad. Ent. 93: 888 (extracting cocoons from soil). —Tripp, 1961. Canad. Ent. 93: 40
(parasites). —Benjamin and Underwood, 1953. Jour. Econ. Ent. 46: 703. —Tripp, 1962.
Canad. Ent. 94: 908 (parasites). —Lyons, 1962. Canad. Ent. 94: 49-58 (effect of aggregation
on egg and larval survival). — Finlayson, 1963. Canad. Ent. 95: 483-484 (parasites). — Pilon,
Tripp, McLeod, and Ilnitzky, 1964. Canad. Ent. 96: 1450 (temperature influence on
prespinning eonymphs). —Becker and Benjamin, 1964. Canad. Ent. 96: 589-599. —Lyons,
1964. Canad. Ent. 96: 1373-1407 (spatial distribution, sampling). —Lyons, 1964. Ont. Ent.
Soc, Proc. 94: 5-37. —Tripp, 1965. Canad. Ent. 97: 92. —McLeod, 1966. Canad. Ent. 98:
430-447 (cocoon distribution). —Pilon, 1966. Canad. Ent. 98: 789 (temperature and humidity
influence on life span of adults). —Smirnoff, 1967. Canad. Ent. 99: 242-248 (virus diseases).
—Smirnoff, 1967. Jour. Ins. Path. 9: 269-271 (virus diseases). —Smirnoff, 1967. Canad. Ent.
99: 214-216 (detecting viruses). —Smirnoff, 1968. Canad. Ent. 100: 313-318 (cysts in pupae).
— Lyons, 1970. Canad. Ent. 102: 68-84 (reproductive capacity). —McLeod, 1970. Forestry
Chronicle 46: 1-8 (epidemiology). — Tostowaryk, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1424-1427
(relationship between parasitism and predation). — Philogene and Benjamin, 1971. Jour.
Ins. Physiol. 17: 1711-1716 (diapause as influenced by temperature and photoperiod).
—Philogene, 1971. Canad. Jour. Zool. 49: 449-450 (sensitivity of larvae to light).
—Smirnoff, 1971. Phytoprotection 52: 24-27 (management of blueberry fields to protect
surrounding jack pine stands against sivainei). — Smirnoff, 1971. Canad. Ent. 103: 356-362
(transmission of disease by means of swainei parasites). —Philogene and Benjamin, 1971.
Canad. Ent. 103: 1705-1715 (temperature and photoperiod effect on immature stages and
adults). -Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp. 444-445.

Neodiprion taedae
***authority mismatch
linearis Ross. Ohio, S. C. w. to 111., Mo., Tex. Host: Pinus taeda, P. echinata.
Neodiprion taedae linearis Ross, 1955. Forest Sci. 1: 199, 204. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Warren and Coyne, 1958. Ark. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 602, 23 pp. —Coyne, 1959. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Forest Pest Leaflet 34, 4 pp. — Wingfield and Warren, 1971. Kans. Ent. Soc,
Jour. 44: 491-500 (effect of temperature on cocoon stage). —Wingfield and Warren, 1972.
Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 45: 1-6 (effect of photoperiod on development). —Baker, 1972. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp. 443-444.

Neodiprion taedae
***authority mismatch
taedae Ross. Va. and probably adjacent states. Host: Piyius taeda, to a lesser extent
Pinus echinata, P. virginiana.
Neodiprion taedae taedae Ross, 1955. Forest Sci. 1: 199, 204. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Hetrick, 1941. Jour. Econ. Ent. 34: 373-377 {americanum, nee Leach). — Hetrick,
1956. Forest Sci. 2: 183. —Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, p. 443.

Neodiprion virginiana Rohwer
Va., W. Va., N. C, Tenn., Fla. Host: Pinus virginiana, P. clausa. Records
in literature, especially from Canada and the North Central states, pertaining to

Neodiprion virginiana
***authority mismatch
are probably not this species. Species Hmits for this probable complex are
not yet settled.
Neodiprion (Neodiprion) virginiana Rohwer, 1918. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 20: 87. ♀, ♂.
Neodiprion (Neodiprioji) affinis Rohwer, 1918. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 20: 88. ♀, ♂.

Neodiprion warreni Ross
Fla., La., Ark. Host: Pinus echinata, P. glabra.

Neodiprion warreni Ross, 1961. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 54: 451. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Wilkinson, 1968. Fla. Ent. 51: 199.

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Species Group Sertifer

Neodiprion abietis (Harris)
Newfoundland to Alaska s. to Maine, Mich., Minn., Calif. Ecology: Widespread.
Host: Abies balsaynea, A. concolor, A. magnifica, Picea glauca, P. niariaiia, P.
engelmannii, P. sitchensis, Tsiiga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Biologically
different material has been reared from different hosts, and there are slight differences
in structure and color between populations of this species complex. Balsam fir sawfly.
Lophyrus abietis Harris, 1841. Rpt. Ins. Mass. Injurious to Veg., p. 376. Larva.

Biology: Bird, 1929. Ont. Ent. Soc, Ann. Rpt. 1929, pp. 76-82. —Brown, 1933. Canad. Dept.
Agr., Forest Biol. Pub. 2, 4 pp. —Brown, 1941. Canad. Dept. Agr., Pub. 712: 50.
— Schaffner, 1943. Jour. Forestry 41: 583. — Pierson, 1943. Maine Forest Comm., Ed. 5, p.
17. -Reeks and Smith, 1945. Acad. Nat. 2: 10. -Struble, 1957. Forest Sci. 3: 306-310 (in
Calif.). —Struble, 1959. Jour. Forestry 57: 510-511 (egg sampling). — Finlayson, 1963.
Canad. Ent. 95: 476-478 (parasites). —Tripp and Wallace, 1965. Canad. Dept. Forestry,
Forest Ent. and Path. Br., Ann. Rpt. 1965, p. 95. -Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc.
Pub. 1175, pp. 446-447. — Knerer and Atwood, 1973. Science 179: 1090-1099 (behavior;
splitting the N. abietis complex).

Neodiprion burkei Middleton
Mont., Wyo. Host: Finns contorta. Lodgepole sawfly.

Neodiprion {Neodiprimi) burkei Middleton, 1931. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 33: 174. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Burke, 1932. U. S. Dept. Agr., Cir. 224: 11-19.

Neodiprion deleoni Ross
Wash. (North Port). Host: Abies grandis.

Neodiprion deleoni Ross, 1955. Forest Sci. 1: 200, 205. ♀, ♂.

Neodiprion demoides Ross
Calif. (Yosemite Natl. Pk.). Host: Pinus albicaulis.

Neodiprion demoides Ross, 1955. Forest Sci. 1: 201, 205. ♀, ♂.

Neodiprion edulicolus Ross
Colo., N. Mex., Utah, Nev. Host: Pinus edidicolus, P. vionophylla.

Neodiprion edidicolus Ross, 1955. Forest Sci. 1: 201, 206. ♀, ♂.

Biology: McGregor and Sandin, 1968. Canad. Ent. 100: 51-57.

Neodiprion fulviceps (Cresson)
Mont., Colo. w. to Oreg., Calif.; Mexico. Host: Pinus ponderosa, P.jeffreyi,
P. laynbertiana, P. radiata, P. coulteri. Either a variable species or a confusing species
complex.
Lophyrus fidviceps Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: 25. ♀.

Biology: Dahlsten, 1961. Canad. Ent. 93: 182-195 (Neodiprion sp.). —Stark and Dahlsten,
1961. Canad. Ent. 93: 443-450 (cocoon distribution). —Stark and Dahlsten, 1965. Canad.
Ent. 97: 550-552 (egg distribution). —Dahlsten, 1966. Canad. Ent. 98: 1055-1083 (biological
differences indicate several distinct populations). —Dahlsten, 1967. Ecology 48: 275.

Morphology: Daly, 1963. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 56: 303.

Neodiprion gillettei (Rohwer)
Colo., N. Mex., Ariz.; Mexico. Host: Pinus ponderosa.

Lophyrus gillettei Rohwer, 1908. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 16: 113. ♀, ♂.

Neodiprion mundus Rohwer
Oreg., Calif. Host: Pinus ponderosa.

Neodiprion (Neodiprion) mundus Rohwer, 1918. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 20: 86. ♀.

Neodiprion nanulus
***authority mismatch
contortae Ross. Alta., Idaho, Oreg. Host: Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa.

Neodiprion nanidus contortae Ross, 1955. Forest Sci. 1: 201, 207. ♀, ♂.

Neodiprion nanulus
***authority mismatch
nanulus Schedl. N. S., N. B. to N. J. w. to Man., Sask., Wis. Host: Pinus resinosa, P.
banksiayia, P. contorta, P. rigida, P. echinata, P. ynugho. Red pine sawfly.

Neodiprion nanulus Schedl, 1933. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent., Beihefte 20: 449. Larva.

Taxonomy: Schedl, 1935. Deut. Ent. Gesell., Mitt. 6: 41-44 (adults).

Biology: Schedl, 1937. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent., Beihefte 24: 51. —Schedl, 1939. Internatl.
Kong. Ent., Berlin 1938, sect. 7, bd. 3, pp. 2053-2056. —Atwood, 1943. In Atwood and Peck,
Canad. Jour. Res., Sect. D, Zool. Sci. 21: 134. — Cannola, Waters, and Nason, 1959. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 52: 600 (sequential sampling of eggs). —Kapler and Benjamin, 1960. Forest Sci.
6: 253 (biology in Wis.). —Underwood, 1960. Canad. Ins. Pest Rev. 38: 32. — McCormick
and Andresen, 1961. Amer. Mus. Nov. 2032, 6 pp. —Finlayson, 1963. Canad. Ent. 95:
480-481 (parasites). —Tripp and Wallace, 1965. Canad. Dept. Forestry, Forest Ent. and
Path. Br., Ann. Rpt. 1965, p. 95. — Underwood, 1967. Canad. Ent. 99: 1114-1116 (parasites).
— Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp. 445-446.

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Neodiprion scutellatus Rohwer
Idaho, Wash. Host: Pseudotsuga menziesii.

Neodiprion (Neodiprion) scutellatus Rohwer, 1918. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 20: 86. ♀.

Biology: Smith, 1962. Pan-Pacific Ent. 38: 189 (parasites; as scutellarisd)).

Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy)
Maine, Ont. to N. J. w. to S. Dak., Iowa, Mo.; Europe to Japan, Korea.

Accidentally introduced, first found in N. J. in 1925. Host: Pmus austriaca, P. cembra,
P. banksiana, P. densiflora, P. echinata, P. montana, P. mugho, P. nigra, P. ponderosa,
P. resiiwsa, P. rigida, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. thunbergii, and many other pines in
Eurasia. European pine sawfly.

Tenthredo sertifera Geoffroy, 1785. In Fourcroy, Ent. Paris, v. 2, p. 378.

Tenthredo pectinata rufa Retzius, 1783. Genera et Species Insectorum, p. 74. Preocc. on
pg. 71.

Tenthredo pini rufa Villers, 1789. Linn. Ent. 3: 88.

Tenthredo juniperi Christ, 1791. Naturgesch. Class. NomencL, Ins. p. 432.

Tenthredo rufa Latreille, 1807. Gen. Crust. Ins., v. 3, p. 230.

Lophyrus piceae Lepeletier, 1823. Monog. Tenthred., p. 56. ♀, ♂.

Lophyrus basalis Matsumura, 1915. Dai-Nippon Gaityu Zensho 2: 288.

Biology: Soraci, 1939. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 47: 124. — Schaffner, 1939. Jour. Econ. Ent. 32:
887-888. -Hamilton, 1941. Natl. Shade Tree Conf., Proc. 17: 110-118. —Schaffner, 1943.
Jour. Forestry 41: 583. —Girth and McCoy, 1946. N. J. Dept. Agr., Cir. 363, 18 pp. —Bird
and Whalen, 1953. Canad. Ent. 85: 433 (virus). —Bird, 1953. Canad. Ent. 85: 437-446 (virus
diseases). —Baldwin and House, 1954. Canad. Jour. Zool. 32: 9 (thermal conditioning
effects on larva). —Benjamin, Larson, and Drooz, 1955. Jour. Forestry 53: 359. — Finlayson
and Finlayson, 1958. Canad. Ent. 90: 223-225 (parasites). —Wilson, 1966. Jour. Econ. Ent.
59: 1043-1049 (effect of population levels on young scotch pines). —Griffiths, 1959. Canad.
Ent. 91: 501-512. —Ghent, 1959. Canad. Jour. Zool. 37: 267 (oviposition). —Will, 1960. Pa.
Acad. Sci., Proc. 34: 229. —Finlayson, 1960. Canad. Ent. 92: 20-40 (parasites). —Lyons and
Griffiths, 1962. Canad. Ent. 94: 994 (development in cocoons). —Wallace and Sullivan, 1963.
Canad. Ent. 95: 1051-1066 (effect of temperature on development in cocoon). —Lyons,

1964. Ont. Ent. Soc, Proc. 95: 5-37. —Lyons, 1964. Canad. Ent. 96: 1373 (spatial
distribution). —Wilson, 1965. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Pest Leaflet 98, 8 pp. — Henson,

1965. Canad. Ent. 97: 773 (rearing techniques). —Sullivan, 1965. Canad. Ent. 97: 970
(ability of eggs to withstand low winter temperatures). —Sullivan and Wallace, 1965.
Canad. Jour. Zool. 43: 233-245 (photoperiodism in development). — Austara, 1966. Norske
Skogsforsoksv. Meddel. 21: 5-15. —Rose and Sipple, 1966. Canad. Ent. 98: 39-45 (cocoon
and parasite distribution). —Wilson, 1966. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Pest Leaflet 99, 4 pp.
—Wallace and Sullivan, 1966. Canad. Jour. Zool. 44: 147 (geographic variation in
photoperiod reaction). —Sullivan and Wallace, 1967. Canad. Ent. 99: 834-850 (temperature
and photoperiod effect on diapause). —Griffiths, 1968. Canad. Ent. 100: 1095-1099
(parasites). —Sullivan and Wallace, 1968. Canad. Jour. Zool. 46: 959-963. —Sullivan and
Wallace, 1968. Canad. Jour. Zool. 46: 1082-1083 (photoperiod response). —Griffiths, 1969.
Canad. Ent. 101: 673-713 (parasites). —Wilson, 1971. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Pest Leaflet
(rev.), 6 pp. —Austara 1971. Norsk. Ent. Tidsskr. 18: 45-48 (cold hardiness in eggs).
—Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp. 447-448. —Eisner, et al. 1974. Science
184: 996-999 (defensive use of a plant resin).

Morphology: Watson, 1955. Canad. Ins. Pest Rev. 33: 229 (gynandromorphs). — Togashi, 1958.
Kontyu 25: 6-12 (internal reproductive organs). — Marek, 1963. Ceskoslov. Spolec Zool.
Vest. 27: 115-124 (physiology). — Pschorn-Walcher, 1970. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 66: 63-68
(morphological differences between alpine and lowland populations).

Neodiprion tsugae Middleton
Mont., Idaho, Alaska, B. C, Wash., Oreg. Host: Tsuga heterophylla is

preferred, but also on Tsuga mertensiayia, Picea sitcheyisis, and Abies aynabilis when
adjacent to preferred host. Hemlock sawfly.
Neodiprion (Neodiprion) tsugae Middleton, 1933. Canad. Ent. 65: 77. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Hopping and Leech, 1936. Canad. Ent. 68: 71-91. — Furniss and Dowden, 1941 Jour.
Econ. Ent. 34: 46-52. —Downing, 1959. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Pest Leaflet 31, 4 pp.
— Torgersen, 1969. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia, Proc. 66: 53-62 (parasites). — Schmiege, 1970.

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U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Pest Leaflet 31, 4 pp. -Hard and Schmiege, 1968. U. S. Dept.

Agr., Forest Service Paper, PNW-65, 11 pp. (in s. e. Alaska). —Hard, 1971. U. S. Dept.

Agr., Forest Service, Res. Note, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Sta. 157, 8 pp.

Neodiprion ventralis Ross
Colo. Host: Pinus ponderosa.

Neodiprion ventralis Ross, 1955. Forest Sci. 1: 201, 206. ♀, ♂.

Neodiprion werneri Ross
Ariz. (Pinelino Mts., Hospital Flat, 9000 ft.).

Neodiprion werneri Ross, 1955. Forest Sci. 1: 200, 205. ♀.

Unplaced Taxa of Neodiprion Rohwer

Two of the following species were described from males. Because the taxonomy of Neodiprion
is based primarily on females, they cannot be placed.

Neodiprion abdominalis (Say)
n. comb. "North-west Territory."

Lophyrus abdominalis Say, 1824. In Keating, Narr. Long's 2nd Exped., v. 2 (App.), p. 315. ♀.

Neodiprion edwardsii (Norton)
Calif.

Lophyrus edwardsii Norton, 1869. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 330. ♂.

Neodiprion hypomelas (Rohwer)
Colo.

Lophyrus hypomelas Rohwer, 1908. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 16: 113. ♂.

Genus DIPRION Schrank

Pteronus Jurine, 1801. Intell. Blatt. Litt-Ztg. Erlangen, v. 1, p. 163. Suppressed by

Internatl. Comm. Zool. NomencL, Op. 157, 1936.
Diprion Schrank, 1802. Fauna Bioca, v. 2, p. 209.

Type-species: Tenthredo pini Linnaeus. Desig. by Rohwer, 1910.
Lophyrus Latreille, 1802. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., v. 3, p. 302. Preocc. by Poli, 1791.

Type-species: Tenthredo pini Linnaeus. Monotypic.
Anachoreta Gistel, 1848. Naturgesch. Thierr. f. hoh. SchuL, p. 9. N. name for Lophyrus

Latreille.
Cristiger Gistel, 1848. Naturgesch. Thierr. f. hoh. Schul., p. 144.

Type-species: Tenthredo pini Linnaeus. Monotypic.

A Palaearctic genus of five or six species, one of which has been introduced into North Amer-
ica.

Diprion similis (Hartig)
Que., Maine, Ont. to Va. w. to Minn., Ind.; Europe. Introduced, first recorded
in Conn, in 1914, probably entering on imported nursery stock. Host: Pinus hanksiana,
P. cembra, P. divaricata, P.flexilis, P. moyitana, P. monticola, P. mugho, P. resinosa, P.
rigida, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. taeda, P. virginiana, and many other pines in
Europe. Introduced pine sawfly.

Lophyrus similis Hartig, 1834. Forstl. Convers.-Lex., p. 987 b.

Lophyrus eremita Thomson, 1871. Hym. Scand., v. 1, p. 62.

Diprion simile var. atroscutellatum Enslin, 1916. Forstl. Naturw Ztschr. 14: 9.

Diprion si7nile var. claristemis Enslin, 1916. Forstl. Naturw. Ztschr. 14: 9.

Biology: Britton, 1916. Jour. Econ. Ent. 9: 281-282. — Zappe, 1917. Jour. Econ. Ent. 10:
188-190. -Middleton, 1923. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. 1182, 21 pp. —Hartley, 1923. Jour. Econ.
Ent. 16: 386-388 (in Pa.; parasites). — Munro, 1935. Canad. Ent. 67: 137-140. — Peirson,

1943. Maine Forest Comm., Ed. 5, p. 15. -Schaffner, 1943. Jour. Forestry 41: 587. -Will,

1944. Pa. Acad. Sci., Proc. 18: 49. — Tsao and Hodson, 1956. Jour. Econ. Ent. 49: 400.

— Coppel, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 847 (cocoons as habitats for other Arthropods).
— Coppel, Casida, and Dauterman, 1960. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 53: 510-512 (sex
attractants). —Anderson and Schmiege, 1961. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Service, Lake
States Forest Expt. Sta. Paper 88, p. 7. — Mertins, 1961. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters,
Trans. 59: 127-168. — Finlayson, 1962. Canad. Ent. 271-282 (parasites). —Casida, Coppel,
and Watanabe, 1963. Jour. Econ. Ent. 56: 18-24. —Wilson, 1966. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest
Pest Leaflet 99, 4 pp. —Mertins and Coppel, 1971. Ann. Ent. Soc, Amer. 64: 1191-1192
(sexual behavior in gynandromorphs). —Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp.
450-451.

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Morphology: Mertins and Coppel, 1972. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 65: 33-38 (abdominal glands in
female).

Genus GILPINIA Benson

Gilpinia Benson, 1939. Bui. Ent. Res. 30: 341.

Type-species: Lophyrus polytomus Hartig. Orig. desig.

A Palaearctic genus of about 24 species, two of which have been introduced into North Amer-
ica. In Asia, representatives of this genus are found as far south as Pakistan, northern India, and
Thailand. In many references, the species below have been assigned to the genus Diprion.

fnitetorum (Fabricius). Que., Maine, Ont. s. to N. J., Pa.; Europe to Siberia. Accidentally

introduced, first found in Mass. and R. I. in 1932. Host: Pbnis sylvestris, P. reshiosa are
favored, but also found on Pinus banksiana, P. strobus, P. mugho, P. nigra, and P.
cembra in North America, and other pines in Eurasia.

Tenthredo fnitetorum Fabricius, 1793. Ent. System., v. 2, p. 111.

Lophyrus variegatus Hartig, 1834. Forstl. Convers.-Lex., p. 990.

Lophyrus thomsoni Konow, 1884. Deut. Ent. Ztschr. 28: 312.

Diprion fnitetorum var. lutescens Enslin, 1916. Forstl. Naturw. Ztschr. 14: 13.

Diprion frutetonim var. luteolum Enslin, 1916. Forstl. Naturw. Ztschr. 14: 13.

Biology: Gray, 1938. Ont. Ent. Soc, Ann. Rpt. 1937, pp. 50-51. — Schaffner, 1943. Jour.

Forestry 41: 586. —Schaffner, 1944. Conn. State Ent., 43rd Rpt., 1943, Bull. 481, pp..

310-311. -Hsin, 1935. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent., Beihefte 22: 254, 255-260, 267-271, 289-292

(biological study in Germany), -de Oliveira and Juillet, 1969. Phytoprotection 50: 59-69.

—Baker, 1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp. 451-452.

Gilpinia hercyniae (Hartig)
Newfoundland, Que., Ont. to Pa. w. to Man.; Europe. Accidentally

introduced, first found in Ont. in 1922 and in N. H. in 1929; first serious infestation was
at Gaspe, Que. in 1930. Host: Picea glauca, P. rubens, P. mariana, P. abies, P. excelsa,
P. pungens, P. sitchensis, and other species of spruce in infested areas here and in
Europe. European spruce sawfly. Prior to 1941, the species found in North America was
referred to under the name polytomum (Hartig).

Lophyrus hercyniae Hartig, 1837. Fam. Blattwespen und Holzwespen, nebst Einleitung
Naturgesch. Hym., p. 123.

Taxonomy: Smith, 1938. Nature 141: 121. —Smith, 1941. Sci. Agr. 21: 245-305 (cytology and
parthenogenesis). —Reeks, 1941. Canad. Ent. 73: 181-187 {hercyniae and polytomum as
distinct species). — Balch, Reeks, and Smith, 1941. Canad. Ent. 73: 198-202. — Forster,
1949. Canad. Ent. 81: 112.

Biology: Dowden, 1931. Tree Pest Leaflet 34, 4 pp. —Balch and Simpson, 1932. Canad. Ent.
64: 162-163. —Balch, 1934. Canad. Dept. Agr., Div. Forest Ins., Special Cir., 6 pp. —Balch,
1936. Canad. Ent. 68: 23-31. — MacAloney, 1936. Tree Pest Leaflet 6, 4 pp. — MacAloney,
1936. Jour. Forestry 34: 125-129. — Atwood, 1938. Ont. Ent. Soc, Ann. Rpt. 1937, pp. 48-50.
—Peirson and Nash, 1939. Maine Forest Comm., 22nd Bien. Rpt. 1937-1938, pp. 79-96.
—Balch, 1939. Jour. Econ. Ent. 32: 412-418. —Dowden, 1939. Jour. Econ. Ent. 32: 619-624.
— Prebble, 1941. Canad. Jour. Res. 19: 295-322, 323-346, 350-362 (diapause). -Brown, 1941.
Canad. Dept. Agr., Pub. 712, 5 pp. — Goebeil, 1941. Canad. Jour. Res. 19: 363-382
(diapause). -Goebeil, 1942. Jour. Econ. Ent. 35: 677-679 (diapause). —Schaffner, 1943.
Jour. Forestry 41: 585-586. —Balch and Bird, 1944. Sci. Agr. 25: 65-80. —Reeks and Smith,
1945. Acad. Nat. 2: 10. —Morris, 1949. Mich. Univ. School Forestry and Conserv., Bui. 12,
58 pp. —Morris, 1951. Canad. Ent. 83: 133-147. — Finlayson and Finlayson, 1958. Canad.
Ent. 90: 584 (parasites). —Finlayson, 1960. Canad. Ent. 92: 922-941 (parasites). —Balch,
1960. Canad. Ent. 92: 301. — Martineau, 1963. Canad. Ent. 95: 317. — Neilson and Morris,
1964. Canad. Ent. 96: 773-784 (regulation in Maritime Provinces, 1937-1963). — Monteith,
1967. Canad. Ent. 99: 682-685 (responses to food plant and tachinid parasite). —Baker,
1972. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 1175, pp. 452-453. -Wong, 1972. Canad. Ent. 104:
755-756 (spread in Man.).

Morphology: Reeks, 1937. Canad. Ent. 69: 257-264 (adult).

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