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Superfamily VESPOIDEA
Family MASARIDAE

Revision: Bradley, 1922. Calif Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1: 361-464, 15 pis. (N. Amer. spp.).
—Richards, 1962. Revisional study of masarid wasps, 294 pp., 241 figs, (species of world).

Taxonomy: Ashmead, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 219-221 (key to genera). —Bequaert, 1929.

Psyche 36: 72-76, 81-88 (generic characters, distribution, phylogeny). —Bequaert, 1929.

Psyche 36: 366-368 (fossil record).
Biology: Bequaert, 1929. Psyche 36: 76-80 (nesting habits, larval food).

Subfamily EUPARAGIINAE

This is the most primitive of the masarid wasps. The single included genus Euparagia is the
only masarid known to prey upon insect larvae as food for its young.

Genus EUPARAGIA Cresson

Euparagia Cresson, 1879. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. (Ent. Sect.). 6: vi.

Type-species: Euparagia scutellaris Cresson. Monotypic.
Plesiomasaris Cameron, 1904. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 30: 266.

Type-species: Plesiomasaris ynaciiliceps Cameron. Monotypic.




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The species, which are all rare, are usually collected in association with Eriogonum and
generally on dry hillsides.

Revision: Bohart, 1948. Pan-Pacific Ent. 24: 149-154.

Taxonomy: Bequaert, 1928. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)2: 146 (generic syn.). —Bohart,

1938. Pan-Pacific Ent. 14: 136-139 (synopsis). — Torchio, 1970. Los Angeles Co. Mus.,

Contrib. Sci. 202: 24-25, figs. 30-33 (larva).

Euparagia boregoensis Bohart
Calif, (southeastern); desert species. Lower Sonoran Zone.

Euparagia boregoensis Bohart, 1948. Pan-Pacific Ent. 24: 152. ♂, ♀.

Euparagia desertorum Bohart
Calif.; desert species. Lower Sonoran Zone.

Euparagia desertorum Bohart, 1948. Pan-Pacific Ent. 24: 151. ♂, ♀.

Euparagia platiniceps Bohart
Calif.; desert species, Lower Sonoran Zone.

Euparagia platiniceps Bohart, 1938. Pan-Pacific Ent. 14: 138. ♂.

Euparagia richardsi Bohart
n. name. Tex., n. Mex., Ariz.

Psiloglossa simplicipes Rohwer, 1909. Ent. News 20: 357. ♀. Preocc. in Euparagia.

Euparagia scutellaris Cresson
Calif.; Transition Zone. Prey: Ceutorhynchus sp.; Anthonomus sp. Makes
shallow burrows in hard ground, topped with slender curved chimneys, burrows ending
in one or more cells provisioned with weevil larvae.

Euparagia scutellaris Cresson, 1879. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. (Ent. Sect.) 6: vi. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Williams, 1927. Pan-Pacific Ent. 4: 38-39 (nest and prey). —Clement and Grissell,
1968. Pan-Pacific Ent. 44: 34-37 (nest and prey).

Euparagia timberlakei Bohart
Calif., Nev., Ariz.; desert species, L. Sonor. Zone.
Euparagia timberlakei Bohart, 1948. Pan-Pacific Ent. 24: 150. ♂, ♀.

Subfamily MASARINAE

Pseudomasaris is the only masarine genus occurring in North America.

Genus PSEUDOMASARIS Ashmead

Pseudomasaris Ashmead, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 221.

Type-species: Masaris occidentalis Cresson. Orig. desig.
Toryna Bradley, 1922. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1: 407.

Type-species: Masaris vespoides Cresson. Orig. desig.
Holopticus Bradley, 1922. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1: 408.

Type-species: Masaris texanus Cresson. Orig. desig.
Cotyledon Bradley, 1922. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1: 408.

Type-species: Masaris edwardsii Cresson. Orig. desig.

Nests are made of sand and mud, or mud alone, and are built on the upper or lower surfaces of
stones or on twigs. Typically, they occur in clumps, and are provisioned with pollen and nectar.
It appears that earlier flower records indicating that Pseudomasaris species are polytropic,
visiting a wide range of flowers, may be erroneous. More recent investigations suggest that at
least some of the species are oligotropic, visiting only a small number of closely related plants
for pollen and nectar.

Revision: Richards, 1963. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 27: 283-310, 3 pis., 26 text figs.

Taxonomy: Richards, 1962. Revisional study of masarid wasps, pp. 276-281, figs. 236-241 (key
to spp., generic synonymy). —Richards, 1966. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Proc. 35: 47-55
(revised key).

Biology: Cooper and Bequaert, 1951 (1950). Psyche 57: 137-142 (flower visiting records).
—Cooper, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 103-110 (oligotropy, flower visiting records).
—Torchio, 1970. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 202: 25-27 (nests).

Pseudomasaris basirufus Rohwer
Ariz., Calif. Pollen: Phacelia crenulata, P. pachyphylla.

Pseudomasaris zonalis basirufus Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 452. ♀.
Pseudomasaris bariscipus Bradley, 1922. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1: 418. ♂.

Taxonomy: Richards, 1963. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 27: 299 (synonymy).




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Pseudomasaris coquilletti Rohwer
Ariz., Utah, Calif., Oreg. in U. Sonoran and Transition Zones. Ecology:
Builds mud nest of 2-5 cells on rocks. Parasite: Anthrax i. irroratus Say. Pollen:
Phacelia distans, P. califomica, P. iynbricata, P. ramosissima, P. cicutaria; Ceanothus
sp.; Eriodictyon sp.; Eschscholtzia sp.
Pseudomasaris coquilletti Rohwer, 1911. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 40: 555. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Richards, 1963. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 27: 295, pis. 1-3 (nest).

Pseudomasaris edwardsii (Cresson)
Wash., Idaho and Wyo., south to Calif, and Ariz., mostly in Transition
Zone; Mexico (Baja California). Ecology: Builds mud nests of 1-10 cells attached to
rocks, usually in somewhat sheltered sites. Parasite: Chrysum densa (Cr.). Pollen:
Eriodictyon tomentosiim; Phacelia distans, P. crenulata, P. imbricata, P. hastata, P.
sp.; Ceanothus parviflorus, C. sp.; Tamarix gallica; Oenothera clavaefonnis var.
aurantiaca, 0. sp.; Mentha pulegium, Salvia columbariae; Cryptantha intertnedia, C.
muricata, Symphoricarpos sp.; Chaenactis glabriuscula; Eriodictyon trichocalyx var.
lanatum. Predator: Philanthus zebratus nitens (Bks.).
Masaris edwardsii Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 87. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Torchio, 1970. Los Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 202: 23-24, figs. 26-29 (larva,
pupa).

Biology: Hicks, 1929. Canad. Ent. 61: 121-123 (nest). —Torchio, 1970. Los Angeles Co. Mus.,
Contrib. Sci. 202: 2-20, figs. 1-23, 25 (nest, foraging, larval development).

Pseudomasaris macneilli Bohart
Calif., Utah Pollen: Hydrophyllum occidentale.

Pseudomasaris macyieilli Bohart, 1963. hi Richards, Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 27: 291. ♂, ♀.

Pseudomasaris macswaini Bohart
Southern Cahf. Pollen: Phacelia sp.

Pseudomasaris macswaini Bohart, 1963. In Richards, Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 27: 301. ♂.
9.

Pseudomasaris maculifrons (Fox)
Calif., Nev., Utah, Ariz., N. Mex.; Mexico (Sonora, Baja California).

Ecology: Builds delicate tubular mud cells on under surface of stones. Pollen: Phacelia
ramosissima, P. crenulata, P. distaiis, P. congesta var. rupestris, P. pachyphylla, P. sp.;
Prunus sp.; Astragalus sp.; Sphaeralcea sp.; Eucnide urens; Cryptantha sp.
Masaris maculifrons Fox, 1894. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (2) 4: 12. ♀.
Pseudomasaris albifrons Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 451. ♂.
Pseudomasaris zonalis neomexicanus Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 452. ♀.
Pseudomasaris (Holopticus) rohweri Bradley, 1922. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 1: 417. ♂.

Taxonomy: Richards, 1963. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 27: 297 (synonymy).
Biology: Parker, 1967. Pan-Pacific Ent. 43: 213-214, figs, b, c, e, f (nest, life history).

Pseudomasaris marginalis (Cresson)
B. C. and Alta. south to Calif, and N. Mex. in Canadian, Transition and
U. Sonoran Zones. Pollen: Phacelia heterophylla, P. sericea, P. sp.
Masaris marginalis Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 3: 677. ♀.

Pseudomasaris micheneri Bohart
Calif. (Inyo Co.).

Pseudomasaris micheneri Bohart, 1963. hi Richards, Univ. Calif., Pubs. Ent. 27: 298, figs.
1, 14,21. ♂, ♀.

Pseudomasaris occidentalis (Cresson)
Tex., Kans., N. Mex.

Masaris occidentalis Cresson, 1871. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 3: 348. ♀.

Pseudomasaris phaceliae Rohwer
Tex., N. Mex., Ariz. Ecology: Builds nests under or on side of stones.

Pollen: Phacelia congesta var. rupestris, P. popei var. similis, P. neomexicana, P. sp.
Pseudomasaris phaceliae Rohwer, 1912. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 41: 450.
Taxonomy: Richards, 1966. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Proc. 35: 49 (redescription male, female).

Biology: Parker, 1967. Pan-Pacific Ent. 43: 214-215, fig. a (nest). -Torchio, 1970. Los
Angeles Co. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 202: 21 (nest).

Pseudomasaris texanus (Cresson)
Tex. Pollen: Phacelia popei.

Masaris texanus Cresson, 1871. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 3: 348. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Richards, 1966. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 35: 48-49 (redescription male,
female; clarification of distribution).




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Pseudomasaris vespoides (Cresson)
Wash, to S. Dak. south to Calif, and N. Mex. in Transition and U. Sonoran
Zones; Mexico (Baja California). Ecology: Builds nest of hard mud with 1-13 cells placed
vertically with tops in a straight line, or occasionally of sandy material on twigs. Pollen:
Penstemon secundiflorus, P.heterophyllus P. alpimis, P. unilateralis, P. azurea, P.
glaber, P. comarrhenus, P. payetensis, p. cyaneus, P. venustus, P. spectabiUs, P. laetiis,
P. lyalli, P. attenuahis, P. gracilis, P. sp.; Salvia carduacea; Ranunculus sp.;
Platystemon califoniicum; Clarkia sp.; Nama parryi; Phacelia sp.; Aster sp., thistle.

Masaris vespoides Cresson, 1863. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 2: 287. ♂, ♀.

Pseudomasaris vespoides robertsoni Cockerell, 1913. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 15: 107. ♀.

Biology: Cockerell, 1913. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 15: 107 (nest on stem). —Davidson, 1913.
South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Bui. 12: 17-18 (nests on rocks and stems). —Hicks, 1927. Canad.
Ent. 59: 75-79 (nests on rock). —Hicks, 1929. Canad. Ent. 61: 123-125 (behavior on flowers,
nests on rocks and plant stems). —Cooper, 1952. Amer. Midland Nat. 48: 103-110
(vespoides probably oligolectic on Penstemon spp.). — Torchio, 1970. Los Angeles Co. Mus.,
Contrib. Sci. 202: 21, fig. 24 (nest on peach twig). —Torchio, 1974. Pan-Pacific Ent. 50:
226-234, 1 fig. (pollination mechanism in Pensternon).

Pseudomasaris wheeleri Bequaert
Calif, in Transition and U. Sonoran Zones; Mexico (Baja California). Pollen:
Eriodictyon tomentosum, E. crassifolium, E. califortiicum, E. trichocalyx var. lanatum,
E. sp.; Penstemon spectabiUs, P. sp.; Yucca sp.; Hyptis emoryi; Larrea glutinosa;
Peucepliyliuyn schotti.
Pseudoynasaris wheeleri Bequaert, 1929. Psyche 36: 61. ♂, ♀.

Pseudomasaris zonalis (Cresson)
B. C, Wash, to Mont, and Nebr., south to Calif, and Colo, in Transition,
Canadian and Hudsonian Zones. Ecology: Nest of 4 cells beneath rock overhang, the
entrance upward, the cells of sandy matrix covered with hard mud. Parasite: Chrysnra
densa (Cr.). Pollen: Phacelia heterophylla, P.frigida, P. hastata, P. kumilis, P.
neynoralis, P. sp.; Besseya plantaginea; Raiiunciilus sp.; Ceayiothus parviflorus;
Penstemon sp.; Arnica sp., Encelia farinosa, Grindelia sp.
Masaris zonalis Cresson, 1864. Ent. Soc. Phila., Proc. 3: 674. ♂, ♀.
Pseudomasaris zonalis albopictus Bohart, 1950. Biol. Soc. Wash., Proc. 63: 78. ♂, ♀.

Taxonomy: Richards, 1963. Calif. Univ., Pubs. Ent. 27: 292 (synonymy).

Biology: Parker, 1967. Pan-Pacific Ent. 43: 215-216, fig. c (nest).


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