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Superfamily CHALCIDOIDEA
Family TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE

By B. D. Burks

All members of this family are parasites in the eggs of other insects. Their thoracic structures
show them to have affinities with the Eulophidae, but they must have diverged from the eulo-
phid stem at some remote time in chalcidoid evolution. Since all trichogrammatids have
3-segmented tarsi, lack the strigil of the foretibia, have greatly reduced antennae, never have
the abdomen petiolate, and the forewing usually bears characteristic lines of cilia, they are wide-
ly separated from their nearest relatives in the Eulophidae.




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Revision: Girault, 1912 Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bui. 10: 81-100. — Girault, 1914. Wis. Nat. Hist.
Soc, Bui. 12: 55-71. —Girault, 1918. No. Amer. Hym. Trichogrammatidae, Sydney, Austral.
11 pp. -Doutt and Viggiani, 1968. Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. (4) 35: 477-586.

Taxonomy: Kryger, 1918. Ent. Meddel. 12: 257-354 (European spp.). — Mani, 1938. Cat. Indian
Insects, pt. 23, pp. 133-141 (bibliography and cat. of Indian spp.). — Kloete and Hincks,
1945. Check List Brit. Insects, Arboath, Scotland, p. 303 (list Brit. spp.).

Genus OLIGOSITA Walker

Oligosita Walker, 1851. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (2)7: 212-213. (Cited as Haliday MS.)

Type-species: Oligonita coUina Walker. Monotypic.
Wentwoodella Ashmead, 1904. Carnegie Mus., Mem. 1: 359.

Type-species: Oligosita sitbfasciata Westwood. Monotypic.
ParoligoHitci Kurdjumov, 1911. Russ. Ent. Obozr. 11: 434.

Type-species: Paroligoaita bella Kurdjumov. Orig. desig.
PseudoligoHita Girault, 1913. Queensland Mus., Mem. 2: 104.

Type-species: PseudoligoHita anioldi Girault. Orig. desig.
Zorontogmninia Silvestri, 1915. Lab. Zool. Agr. Portici, Bol. 9: 327.

Type-species: Zorontogranima distinctuni Silvestri. Orig. desig.
atnericana Girault. Ind. and III, s. to S. C, Ga., Tex., and N. Mex. Host: Doryceplialus
platyrhynchus Osb., Homalodisca insolita (Walk.), cicadellid eggs in grasses.
Oligosita aitiericana Girault, 1909. Psyche 16: 106. ♀.

Taxonomy: Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 56-62.

Oligosita clarimaculosa (Girault)
Va., 111.

Westwoodella clariiiiaculosa Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 67. ♀.

Oligosita comosipennis (Girault)
N. Y.

Westwoodella co))iosipe7niis Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 66. ♀.

Oligosita marilandia Girault
Md.

Oligosita marilandia Girault, 1917. Chalcidoid. nova Marilandensis II, p. 1. ♀.

Oligosita plebeia (Perkins)
Okla.; Mexico. Host: Cicadellid eggs in cane.

Westivoodella plebeia Perkins, 1912. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent.
Bui. 10: 16. ♀.

Oligosita sanguinea (Girault)
Conn. w. to N. Dak., s. to Fla., Ariz., Calif.; Mexico and Brazil Host:
Cicadellid eggs in wheat, grasses, and clover.

Westwoodella sanguinea Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 58-62. ♀, ♂.

Oligosita sanguinea var. daripes Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27: 4. ♀.

Oligosita subfasciatipennis (Girault)
Vt., Wis., Iowa, N. Dak., Wash. Host: Cicadellid eggs in wheat.

Westwoodella subfasciatipennis Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 63-66.

Genus MEGAPHRAGMA Timberlake

Megaphragwa Timberlake, 1924. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 5: 413.

Type-species: Megapliragnia inyiiiaripenne Timberlake. Monotypic.
Sethosiella Kryger, 1932. Soc Ent. d'Egypte, Bui. p. 38.

Type-species: Sethosiella priesneri Kryger. Monotypic.

Members of this genus, being parasites in thrips eggs, are thought to be the smallest of all in-
sects. Some specimens have an overall body length of only 170 or 180 microns. However, some of
the mymarids of the genus Alaptus Haliday have a body length of only 200 microns and are
much more slender, so that it is difficult to decide which is actually the smaller.

Revision: Ghesquiere, 1939. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 33: 39.

Megaphragma mymaripenne Timberlake
La., Calif.; Hawaii; Haiti. Host: Eggs of Heliothrips
haeniorrhoidalis Bouche and Leucothrips sp.
Megapliragnia mymaripenne Timberlake, 1924. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 5: 413. ♀.

Biology: Dozier, 1932. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 34: 29-30.




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Genus HYDROPHYLITA Ghesquiere

Hydrophylax Matheson and Crosby, 1912. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 5: 65. Preocc. by
Fitzinger. 1843.

Type-species: Hydrophylax aquivolans Matheson and Crosby. Monotypic.
Hydrophylita Ghesquiere, 1946. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 39: 371. N. name.
Lutzimkron Costa Lima, 1960. Sao Paulo Inst. Biol., Arq. 27: 197.

Type-species: Lutzimkron lestesi Costa Lima. Monotypic.

Taxonomy: DeSantis, 1964. Comision inv. Cient. Prov. B. A., Notas 2(3): 3-5. — Doutt and
Viggiani, 1968. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 35: 493.

Hydrophylita aquivolans (Matheson and Crosby)
N. Y., Ohio, Kans. Host: Eggs of Ischnura vertkalis (Say).
Hydrophylax aquivolans Matheson and Crosby, 1912. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 5: 65. ♂, ♀.

Biology: Davis, 1962. Limnol. and Oceanog. 7: 390-392.

Genus PARACENTROBIA Howard

Paracentrobia Howard, 1897. Linn. Soc. London, Jour., Zool. 26: 178.

Type-species: Paracentrobia punctata Howard. Monotypic.
Abbella Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 9.

Type-species: Abbella subflava Girault. Orig. desig.
Ittyn Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 25.

Type-species: Trichogranima cerenarum Ashmead. Monotypic.
Brachistella Girault, 1911. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 19: 184.

Type-species: Trichogra)unia acuviinata Ashmead. Monotypic.
JasHidophthora Perkins, 1912. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent. Bui. 10:
17.

Type-species: Jaasidophthora prima Perkins. Monotypic.
Abbellisca Ghesquiere, 1946. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africaines 39: 371. N. name, unnecessarily
proposed.

Taxonomy: Doutt and Viggiani, 1968. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 35: 562.

Paracentrobia acuminata (Ashmead)
N. Y. and Minn. s. to Fla., La., Tex., and Calif.; Mexico, West Indies.
Host: Lestes dryas Kirby, L. unguiculatus Hagen, Cuema costalis (Fab.),
Draeculacephala iniyior (Walk.), D. mollipes (Say), D. portola (Ball), Homalodisca
insolita (Walk.). There is some evidence that a complex of species is at present under
this one name.
Trichogramvia acuminatum Ashmead, 1888. Canad. Ent. 20: 107. ♀, ♂.
Brachista pallida Ashmead, 1900. Ent. News 11: 616. ♀.

Biology: Gibson, 1915. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. 254: 14. -Turner and Pollard, 1959. U. S. Dept.

Agr., Tech. Bui. 1188: 26-27.

Paracentrobia americana (Girault)
Utah. Host: Cicadellid eggs in Elymus.

Abbella americana Girault, 1917. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 53: 445. ♀, ♂.

Paracentrobia auriscutellum (Girault)
Ariz.; Mexico. Host: Draeculacephala mollipes (Say).

Abbella auriscutellum Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27: 4. ♀.

Biology: Gibson, 1915. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. 254: 14.

Paracentrobia ceresarum (Ashmead)
N. S., N. J., Ohio, 111., Calif. Host: Ceresa borealis Fairm., C. bubalus
(Fab.), C. taurina (Fitch), Stictocephala inennis (Fab.).
Trichogramma ceresarum Ashmead, 1888. Canad. Ent. 20: 107. ♀.

Paracentrobia livii (Girault)
Md.

Neobrachistella livii Girault, 1918. No. Amer. Hym. Trichogrammatidae, Sydney, Austral.,
p. 11. ♀.

Paracentrobia nympha
***authority mismatch
(Girault). Tex. Host: Cicadellid eggs in stems of Aynbrosia; eggs of Psallus seriatus
(Reuter).
Abbella nympha Girault, 1911. Entomologist 44: 197. ♀.

Paracentrobia perditrix (Gahan)
Ariz. Host: Stictocephala festina (Say).

Abbella (Ittys) perditrix Gahan, 1918. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc 20: 25. ♀, ♂.




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Paracentrobia prima (Perkins)
Fla., Tex.; Mexico. Host: Cicadellid eggs in cane.

Jassidoplithora printa Perkins, 1912. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent.
Bui. 10: 18. ♀, ♂.

Paracentrobia subflava (Girault)
D. C, S. C, III, Kans., S. Dak., Idaho, Wash., Calif.; Mexico, Argentina,

Australia. Host: Blissus leucopterus (Say) (?), Balciutha hnpicta (Van Duzee), Circulifer
tenellus (Baker), Deltocephalus minutus Van Duzee, D. sonorus Ball, Empoasca solatia
De Long, Halticus bracteatus (Say). The conspecificity of the North American and
Australian specimens of this species should be reinvestigated, even though the
identifications of both were made by the author of this species. A careful reading of the
paper by McColloch and Yuasa, cited below, shows that the record of subflava from the
eggs of the chinch bug is either incorrect or fortuitous.
Abbella subflava Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 11. ♀, ♂.

Biology: McColloch and Yuasa, 1915. Ent. News 26: 147-148. — Stahl, 1920. Jour. Agr. Res.
20: 250. -Henderson, 1941. U. S. Dept. Agr., Cir. 593: 1-18. —Henderson, 1955. U. S. Dept.
Agr., Cir. 967: 1-16. —Flock et a/., 1962. Jour. Econ. Ent. 55: 279.

Genus UFENS Girault

Ufens Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 32.

Type-species: Tridwgramma nigrum Ashmead. Orig. desig.
Ufensia (iirault, 1913. Queensland Mus., Mem. 2: 101.

Type-species: Ufensia pretiosa Girault. Orig. desig. Genus redescribed the following
year with the same type-species in Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 16: 118.
Neocentrobia Blood, 1923. Bristol Nat. Soc, Ann. Rpt. and Proc. 2: 101. Norn. nud.
Neocentrobia Blood and Kryger, 1928. Ent. Meddel. 16: 203. Preocc by Girault, 1912.

Type-species: Neocentrobia hirticomis Blood and Kryger. Orig. desig.
Stephanotkeisa Soyka, 1931. Natuurh. Maandbl. 20: HI.

Type-species: Stephanotkeisa vitoldi Soika. Monotypic
Grantanna Girault, 1939. Ohio Jour. Sci. 39: 324. N. name for Neocentrobia.

Taxonomy: Doutt and Viggiani, 1968. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc (4) 35: 576.

Ufens beneficus Dozier
Tex.; Mexico, West Indies. Host: Orthopterous eggs, probably of
Tettigoniidae, deposited on leaf surfaces.
Ufens benefic2is Dozier, 1932. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 34: 33. ♀, ♂.

Ufens niger (Ashmead)
Del, Md., w. to Ohio, 111., Idaho, and Wash., s. to Fla., La., Tex., and Calif.;
Mexico, West Indies. Host: Colladonus geminatus (Van Duzee), Cuema costalis (Fab.),
Keonolla confluens (Uhler), Draeculacephala moUipes (Say), Homalodisca sp.,
Saccharosydne saccharivora (Westw.). This may represent a complex of species.
Trichogramma nigrum Ashmead, 1888. Canad. Ent. 20: 107. ♀.

Ufens spiritus Girault
Md., Ga., Fla., La. Host: Homalodisca coagulata (Say), Oncometopia orbona
(Fab.).
Ufens spiritus Girault, 1918. No. Amer. Hym. Trichogrammatidae, Sydney, Austral, p. 6.
Ufens spiritus americanus Girault, 1918. No. Amer. Hym. Trichogrammatidae, Sydney,
Austral., p. 6.

Genus BRACHYUFENS Viggiani

Brachyufens Viggiani, 1968. In Doutt and Viggiani, Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc, (4) 35: 566.
Type-species: Ufens osbonii Dozier. Orig. desig.

Brachyufens osborni (Dozier)
Fla.; West Indies. Host: Diaprepes spp., Pachnaeus litus (Germ.). This may
be a secondary parasite.
Ufens osborni Dozier, 1932. Ent. Soc Wash., Proc. 34: 36. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Tucker, 1936. Barbados Agr. Jour. 5: 9. — Baranowski, 1960. Fla. Ent. 43: 197.

Genus ZAGELLA Girault

Zagella Girault, 1918. No. Amer. Trichogrammatidae, Sydney, Austral., pp. 2, 7.
Type-species: Paracentrobia flavipes Girault. Orig. desig.




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BurksieUa De Santis, 1957. La Plata Univ. Nac, Facultad de Cien. Nat. y Mus., Notas de
Mus. 19: 133.

Type-species: BurksieUa subannulata De Santis. Orig desig.

Taxonomy: Doutt and Viggiani, 1968. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 35: 572.

Zagella flavipes (Girault)
D. C, Ga., Calif. Host: Lestes sp., lepidopterous eggs.
Paracentrobia flavipes Girault, 1905. Ent. News 16: 287. ♀, ♂.

Genus TRICHOGRAMMA Westwood

Trichogramma Westwood, 1833 (June). London, Edinb. and Dublin Phil. Mag. and Jour.
Sci. (3) 2: 444.

Type-species: Trichogramma evanescens Westwood. Monotypic.
CalleptUen Haliday, 1833 (July). Ent. Mag. 1: 340.

Type-species: Calleptiles latipeiinis Haliday. Monotypic.
Pentarthron Packard, 1872 (1871). Rec. Amer. Ent., p. 8.

Type-species: Tricliograttntia .<' miniita Riley. Monotypic.
Trkhogratuma subg. Aprobosca Westwood, 1878. Linn. Soc. London, Trans., Zool., (2) 1:
592.

Type-species: Trichogramma (Aprobosca) erosiconiis Westwood. Monotypic.
Oophthora Aurivillius, 1898 (1897). Ent. Tidskr. 18: 250.

Type-species: Oophthora seviblidis Aurivillius. Monotypic.
Pentarthrum Dalla Torre, 1898. Cat. Hym., v. 5, p. 3. Emend.
XanthoatomuH Ashmead, 1904. Carnegie Mus., Mem. 1: xi, 360.

Type-species: Xanthoatomua albipes Ashmead. Orig. desig.
Neotrichogramma Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 38-39.

Type-species: Neotrichogravittia acutiuentre Girault. Orig. desig.
Trichogramma subg. Trichogram }natana Girault, 1932. New lower Hymenoptera from
Australia and India, Brisbane, Austral., p. 1.

Type-species: Trichograttnua singnlaris Girault. Monotypic.

The latest revision of this genus was published in 1960. Although it was a very great improve-
ment over the 1918 revision, it left most workers unsatisfied. At present other revisional works
are in progress, and new papers revising Trichogramma may be published at about the time this
catalog appears. Several undescribed species from North America are at present known to be in
manuscript. Fundamental studies are also currently being made on the genetics, hybridization,
male genitalia, and biologies of the described species of Trichogramma. Consequently, the ar-
rangement of the species in this catalog is provisional.

Due to the fact that much of the older literature on biology cannot now be assigned to in-
dividual species as they are listed in this catalog, a large part of the biological literature on
Trichogramma that was published before 1960 has been omitted. This literature is cited in full
elsewhere; see Peck, 1963. Canad. Ent., Sup. 30: 51-73.

Any species of this genus can be reared in the laboratory or insectary on the eggs of almost
any convenient host, although Salt, 1938. Bui. Ent. Res. 29: 223-246 showed that a few insect
eggs may be physically or chemically unsuitable. The true host specificity for Trichogramma in
nature seems to be to appropriate insect eggs that are deposited in particular environmental
niches rather than simply to the eggs of particular host species. Consequently, host species are
not listed here for the species of Trichogramma, but their ecological requirements, as far as
they are known, are indicated.

Revision: Girault, 1918. N. Amer. Hym. Trichogrammatidae, Sydney, Austral., p. 4.
— Quednau, 1960. Biol. Bund, fur Land- u. Forstwirtsch., Mitt. 100: 11-50.

Taxonomy: Flanders, 1937. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 30: 208-210. —Flanders, 1938. Jour. Econ.
Ent. 31: 456-457. — Ishii, 1941. Kontyu 14: 169-176 (Japanese spp., male genitalia).
—Quednau, 1956. Ber. Hundertjahr Deut. Ent. Ges. Berlin, pp. 87-92. —Quednau, 1956.
Ztschr. Pflantzenkrank. u. Pflantzensch. 63: 333-344. — Telenga, 1959. First Internatl.
Cong. Insect Path. Biol. Control Prague, Trans, pp. 355-360. —Flanders and Quednau,
1960. Entomophaga 5: 285-294. —Quednau, 1960 Biol. Bund fur Land- u. Forstwirtsch.,
Mitt. 100: 11-50. —Tseng, 1965. Acta Ent. Sinica 14: 404 (Chinese spp., male genitalia).




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— Nagarkatti and Nagaraja, 1968. Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control, Tech. Bui. 10: 81-96
(hybridization, male genitalia). — Doutt and Viggiani, 1968. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc, (4) 35:
533-535. -Chepetilnikova, 1970 (1968). Ann. Zool. Ecol. Anim., pub. 70-3, pp. 71-76.

— Fazaluddin and Nagarkatti, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1470-1471. —Nagarkatti and
Nagaraja, 1971. Bui. Ent. Res. 61: 13-31 (male genitalia).

Biology: Evans, 1930. Austral. Jour. Council Sci. Indus. Res. 3: 106-116. — Marchal, 1931.
Paris Acad, des Sci., Compt. Rend. 192: 316-318. —Thompson, 1932. Indian Jour. Agr. Sci.
2: 413-415. -Nikolskaja, 1933. Zashch. rast. 3: 25-34. — Schread and Carman, 1933. Conn.
Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 353: 691-756. —Schread and Carman, 1934. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Jour. 42:
263-283. -Flanders, 1935 Pan-Pacific Ent. 11: 175-177. -Bowen, 1936. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Ann. 29: 119-125. —Marchal, 1936. Ann. des Epiphyt. et de Phytogenet., n. ser., 2: 447-567.

— Meyer, 1938. Zool. Zhur. 17: 924-932. —Meyer, 1941. Leningrad Inst. Zool. Appl.
Phytopath., Bui. 12: 273-277. —Meyer, 1941". Trichogramma, Tadzhikistan Agr., 176 pp.

— Kovaleva, 1954. Zool. Zhur. 33: 77-86. — Quednau, 1956. Ztschr. f. Parasitenk. 17: 360-364.
—Kovaleva, 1957. Zool. Zhur. 36: 225-229. —Quednau, 1959. Ztschr. f. Pflanzenkrank. 66:
77-86. —Mayer, 1960. Biol. Bund, fur Land- u. Forstwirtsch., Mitt. 100: 3-10. —Stein, 1960.
Entomophaga 5: 237-259. -Klink, 1961. Ztschr. f. Angew. Zool. 48: 476-492. -Quednau,
1961. Entomophaga 6: 155-161. — Parnell, 1964. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 116: 80.
—Kot, 1964. Ekol. Polska., (A) 2: 243-303. -Nagarkatti, 1970. Current Sci. 39(4): 76-78.

Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault)
Mass., D. C, III; Europe, Japan. Ecology: Insect eggs deposited in fields
and forest-edge, orchards are parasitized.
Pentarthron euproctidin Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37, 46. ♂.

Taxonomy: Nagarkatti and Nagaraja, 1971. Bui. Ent. Res. 61: 18.

Biology: Schread, 1934. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 360: 463. -Carman, 1936. Conn. Agr.
Expt. Sta., Bui. 383: 326. — Neiswander, 1936. Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 569: 19. —Allen et
a/., 1940. U. S. Dept. Agr., Cir. 561: 18, 40, 59. —Flanders, 1968. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 61:
1122-1124.

Trichogramma evanescens Westwood
Scattered areas throughout S. Canada and the U. S. Ecology: Insect
eggs deposited on herbaceous vegatation, primarily in cultivated areas, are parasitized.
Introd. from Europe.
Trichogramma evanescent Westwood, 1833. London, Edinb. and Dublin Phil. Mag. and
Jour. Sci. (3) 2: 444.

Taxonomy: Quednau, 1960. Biol. Bund, fur Land- u. Forstwirtsch., Mitt. 100: 11-50.
—Nagarkatti and Nagaraja, 1971. Bui. Ent. Res. 61: 18.

Biology: Gatenby, 1918. Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. 63: 161-174. —Thompson and Parker, 1928.
U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bui. 59: 17. — Hase, 1929. Internatl. Corn Borer Invest., Sci. Rpt. 2:
85-89. —Salt, 1935. Roy Soc. London, Proc (B) 117: 413-415. — Zimin, 1935. Zashch. rast. 1:
69-80. —Marchal, 1936. Ann. des Epiphyt. et de Phytogenet., n. s., 2: 495-522. —Salt, 1936.
Jour. Expt. Biol. 13: 363-375. —Salt, 1937. Roy. Soc. London, Proc. (B) 122: 57-75. — Laing,
1937. Jour. Anim. Ecol. 6: 298-317. — Dirsh, 1937. Zashch. rast. 15: 69-80. —Salt, 1938. Bui.
Ent. Res. 29: 223-246. —Laing, 1938. Jour. Expt. Biol. 15: 281-302. —Salt, 1939 (1938).
Parasitology 30: 511-522. —Salt, 1940. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Proc. (A) 15: 81-95. —Meyer,
1940. Zashch. Rast. Byul. 4: 70-77. -Salt, 1942 (1941). Biol. Rev. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 16:
242-262. — Telenga, 1956. Ent. Obozr. 35: 599-609. —Kot, 1960. Polskie Pismo, Ent. (B) 1-2:
23-30. —Lee, 1961. Acta Ent. Sinica 10: 340. — Pu and Liu, 1962. Acta Ent. Sinica 11: 409.
—Kaitazov, 1963. Rast. Zashch. Sofia 11: 20. -Kot, 1964. Ekol. Polska, (A) 12: 247.
—Karpova, 1965. Ent. Obozr. 44: 500. — Oatman et al., 1968. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 61:
956-959. —Oatman et al., 1968. Jour. Econ. Ent. 61: 724-730. —Lewis and Redlinger, 1969.
Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 62: 1482-1484. —Oatman et al., 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63:
633-635. -Shchichenkov, 1971. Akad. Nauk Eston. SSR Inst. Zool. i Bot., Apr., pp. 152-155.
— Iren and Gurkan, 1971. Bitki Koruma Bui. 11: 157-168. —Parker et al., 1971. Jour. Econ.
Ent. 64: 721-735. —Lewis et al., 1971. Jour. Econ. Ent. 64: 557-558.

Trichogramma fasciatum (Perkins)
Fla., La., and S. Gulf Coast of Tex.; Mexico, West Indies, Cent. Amer.,
No. S. Amer. Ecology: Insect eggs on sugarcane, corn, and other Gramineae; also eggs
deposited on vegetation in tropical or subtropical savannah habitats are parasitized.
Pentarthron fasciatuyn Perkins, 1912. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assn., Ent. Ser. Bui. 10: 19.




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Taxonomy: Quednau, 1960. Biol. Bund, fur Land- u. Forstwirtsch., Mitt. 100: 11-50.

— Nagarkatti and Nagaraja, 1971. Bui. Ent. Res. 61: 20.

Biology: Burrell and McCormick, 1962. Jour. Econ. Ent. 55: 880. — Breniere, 1965.
Entomophaga 10: 274. -Chen, 1967 (1966). Mushi 39(suppl.): 104. -Drummond et ai,
1970. Lepidopterists' Soc, Jour. 24: 140.

Trichogramma minutum Riley
S. Canada, U. S. e.xcept for most southern and southwestern areas. Ecology:
Insect eggs deposited in arboreal habitats are parasitized.
Trichogramnia minutum Riley, 1871. Mo. State Bd. Agr., Ann. Rpt. 6: 157.

Taxonomy: Flanders, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 85. —Quednau, 1960. Biol. Bund, fur
Land- u. Forstwirtsch., Mitt. 100: 11-50. —Nagarkatti and Nagaraja, 1971. Bui. Ent. Res.
61: 21, 23.

Biology: Langston, 1957. Univ. Calif. Pubs., Ent. 14: 25-26. —Downey, 1958 (1957). 111. State
Acad. Sci., Trans. 50: 299. -Schaffner, 1959. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Pub. 767: 81. -Glass,
1963. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 56: 564. — Kulman, 1965. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 58: 241-243.

— Flanders, 1968. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 61: 1122-1124. — Oatman et al., 1970. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 63: 633-635. — Fazalludin and Nagarkatti, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64:
1470-1471.

Trichogramma pretiosum
***authority mismatch
Riley. S. Canada, U. S. except most southern and southwestern areas. Ecology:

Insect eggs deposited on herbaceous vegetation in campestral habitats are parasitized.
Trichogramvia pretiosa Riley, 1879. Canad. Ent. 11: 161. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Flanders, 1953. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 46: 85. —Flanders, 1968. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Ann. 61: 1122-1124. — Orphanides and Gonzalez, 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 1784-1785.
—Nagarkatti and Nagaraja, 1971. Bui. Ent. Res. 61: 24-25.

Biology: Oatman, 1966. Jour. Econ. Ent. 59: 831. —Orphanides and Gonzalez, 1970. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 63: 1734-1740. -Oatman et al., 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 633-635.
—Orphanides and Gonzalez, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 824-834. —Fazalludin and
Nagarkatti, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1470-1471. —Oatman and Platner, 1971. Jour.
Econ. Ent. 64: 501-506.

Trichogramma retorridum (Girault)
Iowa s. to no. New Mexico, w. to Great Basin and Pacific Coast Range in
Central Calif. Ecology: Insect eggs deposited in dry, but not arid, environments are
parasitized.
Pentarthron retorridum Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 52. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Quednau, 1960. Biol. Bund fur Land- u. Forstwirtsch., Mitt. 100: 11-50.
—Nagarkatti and Nagaraja, 1971. Bui. Ent. Res. 61: 25-27.

Biology: Webster, 1912. Jour. Econ. Ent. 5: 335-336. —Stern and Atallah, 1965. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 58: 76-81. —Orphanides and Gonzalez, 1971. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 824-834.

Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius)
Canada and No. U. S.; Europe. Ecology: Insect eggs deposited in

aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats are parasitized. In nature this species parasitizes the
eggs of such insects as Chrysops, Tabanus, Sialis, and Chauliodes that occur in an
aquatic habitat. When it is reared in the insectary on such hosts as the eggs of Ephestia
the progeny are so different they would be taken for another species were their
derivation not known.
Oophthora semblidis Aurivillius, 1897. Ent. Tidskr. 18: 253. ♀, ♂.

Taxonomy: Quednau, 1960. Biol. Bund fur Land- u. Forstwirtsch., Mitt. 100: 11-50.
— Kolomiets, 1962. Akad. Nauk SSSR Sibirskoi Otdel. Biol. Inst., p. 134. —Nagarkatti and
Nagaraja, 1971. Bui. Ent. Res. 61: 26-27.

Biology: Cameron, 1926. Bui. Ent. Res. 17: 38-39. —Salt, 1937. Parasitology 29: 539-553.
—Van Steenburgh, 1938. Ent. Soc. Ontario, Ann. Rpt. 69: 74-75. —Salt, 1939 (1938).
Parasitology 30: 511-522. — Reid, 1941. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. 91: 434. -Salt, 1942
(1941). Cambridge Phil. Soc, Biol. Rev. 16: 239-264. -Quednau, 1955. Nachr. Deut.
Pflanzenschutsdienst. 7: 145-148. —Quednau, 1957. Deut. Ent. Ztschr. (N. F.) 4: 364.

Morphology: Bouillon, 1949. La Cellule 53: 35-95.




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Trichogramma semifumatum
***authority mismatch
(Perltins). West Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., Southern Calif.; Hawaii, Mexico, Colombia.
Ecology: Insect eggs deposited in semi-arid habitats are parasitized.
Pentarthron semifuDiatum Perkins, 1910. Fauna Hawaii., v. 2, pt. 6, p. 659. ♀.

Taxonomy: Quednau, 1960. Biol. Bund fur Land- u. Forstwirtsch., Mitt. 100: 11-50.
—Nagarkatti and Nagaraja, 1971. Bui. Ent. Res. 61: 27-29.

Biology: Hinckley, 1961. Jour. Econ. Ent. 54: 207. —Stern and Bowen, 1963. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Ann. 56: 358-372. -Poinar, 1964. Jour. Econ. Ent. 57: 381. —Stern and Atallah, 1965. Ent.
Soc. Amer., Ann. 58: 76-81. —Stern et. al., 1965. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 58: 234-240.
— Elbadry, 1965. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 58: 209-212. —Bowen and Stern, 1966. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 59: 823-834. -Stern and Shorey, 1968. Jour. Econ. Ent. 61: 898-901. —Taylor,
1969. Ghana Jour. Sci. 9: 30-34. —Davis, 1969. Hawaii. Ent. Soc, Proc. 20: 521-525.
— Oatman et «/., 1970. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 63: 633-635. —Taylor and Stern, 1971. Ent.
Soc. Amer., Ann. 64: 1381-1390.

Unplaced Species ok Trichogramma Westwood *

The following species have for many years been listed as synonyms of niinutuiii Riley. Now
that niinntiihi itself is being redefined, all its synonyms must be re-evaluated.

Tricliogmi)nna i)ii)tutissi»iH)n Packard, 1881. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc. 21: 37. ♀, ♂.

TrichograinDia odontotae Howard, 1885. Ent. Amer. 1: 117. ♀, ♂.

Trichogramma intenttediuni Howard, 1889. In Scudder, Butterflies of Eastern U. S. and

Canada, pp. 1872, 1895. ♀, ♂.
Xanthoatomus albipes Ashmead, 1904. Carnegie Mus., Mem. 1: xi, 360. ♀.
Trichogranniia pretiosa var. nigra Girault, 1906. Canad. Ent. 38: 82. ♀, ♂.
Trichogramma helocharae Perkins, 1907. Hawaii. Sugar Planters' Assoc. Expt. Sta., Div. Ent.

Bui. 4: 58. (Probably not Trichograiiima).

Genus TRICHOGRAMMATOMYIA Girault

Trichogrammatomijia Girault, 1916. Canad. Ent. 48: 268.

Type-species: Trichogrammatomyia tortricis Girault. Orig. desig.

Trichogrammatomyia tortricis Girault
Ont., N. B., Conn., N. Y. Host: Archips argyrospilus (Wlkr.), A. cerasivoranus
(Fitch).
Trichogrammatomyia tortricis Girault, 1916. Canad. Ent. 48: 268. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Baird, 1918. Agr. Gaz. Canada 5: 766, 771. —Chapman, Pearce, and Avens, 1941.
Jour. Econ. Ent. 34: 643-644.

Genus POROPOEA Foerster

Poropoea Foerster, 1851. Naturh. Ver. Rheinlande, Verh. 8: 28.

Type-species: Poropoea stolhcerckii Foerster. Monotypic.
Poropoea subg. Poropoeoides Nowicki, 1936. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 23: 125.

Type-species: Poropoea (Poropoeoides) bohemica Nowicki. Monotypic.

Poropoea attelaborum Girault
S. E. U. S.; Puerto Rico. Host: Attelabus analis Illiger.
Poropoea attelaborum Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 68. ♂.

Genus XENUFENS Girault

Xenufeiis Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27: 5.

Type-species: Xenufens riiskini Girault. Monotypic.

Xenufens ruskini Girault
Fla.; Cuba. Host: Calpodes ethlius (Stoll), Lerema accius (A. and S.), Prenes
nero (Fab.), Urbaniis proteus (L.), undet. Hesperiidae eggs.
Xenufens ruskini Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27: 6.

Genus GIRAULTIOLA Nowicki

Giraultiola Nowicki, 1936. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 23: 136.

Type-species: Brachysticha fidiae Ashmead. Monotypic. This species has been
considered also to be the type-species of Brachista Walker, 1851, by subsequent




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reference of Ashmead, 1894; see Gahan and Pagan, 1923. U. S. Natl. Mus. Bui.
124: 23. Nowicki, 1936, rejects this and designates //d/cie type-species of his new
genus, but does so on the the basis of very weak arguments. Doutt and Viggiani,
1968, accept Nowicki's action, however, in order to preserve Brachista as usage
dictates; that is, with B. pungens (Mayr) as type-species. Brachista in that sense
does not occur in North America.

Taxonomy: Nowicki, 1936. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 23: 127, 136. —Doutt and Viggiani, 1968.
Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 35: 497, 552.

Giraultiola fidiae (Ashmead)
Pa., Va., Ohio. Host: Magicicada septenclecini (L.); Fidia viticida Walsh.
Brachysticltafidiae Ashmead, 1894. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Jour. 17: 171. ♀.
Lathromeris cicadae Howard, 1898. Canad. Ent. 30: 102. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Johnson and Hammar, 1910. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 89: 51, 56-57. -Marlatt,
1898. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 14(n. s.): 99. -Hyslop, 1936. Jour. Econ. Ent. 29: 676.

Genus TUMIDICLAVA Girault

TiuHidiclam Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 6.

Type-species: Tuviidiclava pHlchrinotion Girault. Orig. desig.
Orthonetira Blood and Kryger, 1928. Ent. Medd. 16: 211. Preocc. by Macquart, 1829.

Type-species: Ortlioneura bhnaculata Blood and Kryger. Orig. desig.
Orthoneitiello Blood and Kryger, 1929. Ent. Medd. 16: 322. N. name.

Tumidiclava pulchrinotum Girault
Fla., Ill, La. Host: Eggs of Tettigoniidae.

Tumidiclam pulcltrinotuvi Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 8. ♀.

Genus ZAGA Girault

Zaga Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 30.

Type-species: Zaga latipennis Girault. Orig. desig.

Zaga latipennis Girault
Del., Va., 111., La., Idaho, Utah. Host: Eggs of Ent ijlia sinuata (Fab.), undet.
membracid eggs.
Zaga latipennis Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 31. ♀.

Genus APHELINOIDEA Girault

Aplielinoidea Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 2.

Type-species: Aphelinoidea seviifuscipennis Girault. Orig. desig.
Lathromeroides Girault, 1913. Ent. News 24: 211.

Type-species: Lathromeroides longicorpus Girault. Orig. desig.
Diaclava Blood and Kryger, 1928. Ent. Medd. 16: 213.

Type-species: Diaclava waterhousei Blood and Kryger. Orig. desig.
Krygeriola Nowicki, 1934. Polski Pismo Ent. 12: 3.

Type-species: Krygeriola dolicltoptera Nowicki. Monotypic.
Thalesauna Girault, 1938. Rev. de Ent. 8: 80.

Type-species: Aphelinoidea nigrioculae Girault. Orig. desig.
Lathromeroides subg. Lengerkeniola Nowicki, 1946. Zentbl. Gesamtgeb. Ent. 1: 45.

Type-species: Lengerkeniola bischoffi Nowicki. Monotypic
Encyrtogranniia De Santis, 1957. La Plata Univ. Nac, Facultad de Cien. Nat. y Mus.,
Notas del Mus. 19: 33.

Type-species: Encyrtogramuia habros De Santis. Orig. desig.
Tanygrannna De Santis, 1957. La Plata Univ. Nac, Facultad de Cien. Nat. y Mus., Notas
del Mus. 19: 37.

Type-species: Tanygrannna xiphias De Santis. Orig. desig.

Ta.\onomy: Doutt and Viggiani, 1968. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc (4) 35: 527.

Aphelinoidea neomexicana (Girault)
Iowa, N. Dak., Mont., N. Mex., Idaho, Calif. Host: Undet. hemipterous
eggs in grasses.
Lathromeroides neomexicanus Girault, 1916. Ent. News 27: 5. ♀.


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Aphelinoidea plutella Girault
Va., 111., Tex., N. Mex., Idaho, Utah, Ariz., Calif.; Mexico. Host: Circulifer
tenellus (Baker).
Aphelinoidea plutella Girault, 1912. Ent. News 23: 296. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Henderson, 1941. U. S. Dept. Agr., Cir. 593: 1-18. —Henderson, 1955. U. S. Dept.
Agr., Cir. 967: 1-16. —Flock et al., 1962. Jour. Econ. Ent. 55: 279.

Aphelinoidea semifuscipennis Girault
111., Okla., Tex. Host: Leafhopper eggs in grasses.

Aphelinoidea semifuscipennis Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 4. 2.

Genus LATHROMEROIDEA Girault

Lathromeroidea Girault, 1912. Queensland Mus., Mem. 1: 94.

Type-species: Lathropieroidea nigra Girault. Orig. desig.
Centrobiopsis Girault, 1918. No. Amer. Hym. Trichogrammatidae, Sydney, Austral., pp. 4, 7.

Type-species: Centrobia odonatae Ashmead. Orig. desig.

Taxonomy: Doutt and Viggiani, 1968. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. (4) 35: 506-507.

Lathromeroidea odonatae (Ashmead)
N. Y., 111. Host: Lestes uncatus Kirby, L. unguiculatus Hagen.
Centrobia odonatae Ashmead, 1900. Ent. News 11: 616. ♀.

Genus USCANA Girault

Uscana Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 22.

Type-species: Uscana semifumipennis Girault. Monotypic.
Bruchoctonus Grese, 1924. In Korab, Saratov Admin. State Assoc. Sugar Indus., Bui. 7:
116-117.

Type-species: Bruchoctonua senax Grese. Monotypic. Lathromeris of authors, not
Foerster, 1856.

Uscana marilandica Girault
Md. Host: Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.).

Uscana marilandica Girault, 1918. No. Amer. Hym. Trichogrammatidae, Sydney, Austral.,
p. 10.

Uscana semifumipennis Girault
N. J., D. C, N. Dak., Tex., Mont., Ariz.; Hawaii. Host: Acanthoscelides
alboscutellatus (Horn), Altliaeus hibisci (Oliv.), Callosobnichus maculatus (Fab.), Stator
limbatus (Horn).
Uncana semifumipennis Girault, 1911. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 37: 23. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Paddock and Reinhard, 1919. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bui. 256: 81-83. — Steffan, 1954.
Paris Mus. d'Hist. Nat, Bui. (2) 26: 669.

Unplaced Taxa in Chalcidoidea

By B. D. Burks

Entedon antiopae Packard, 1881. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc. 21: 36. 6. Type not located.
Stenomesius? aphidicola Ashmead, 1880. Orange Insects, p. 67. 9, 6. Type lost.
Smicra Biniaculatas Strecker, 1878. U. S. War Dept., Ann. Rpt. 2 (3): 1878. Type not located.
DioinoruH biorhizae Ashmead, 1887. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 14: 186. 9. Type lost; from

original description not Dioinorits.
Halticoptera brodii Ashmead, 1887. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 14: 192. 9. Type lost; from original

description not Halticoptera.
Caccophagiis bninneus Provancher, 1887. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., p. 205. Type

broken, but fragments look to be Pteromalini.

Taxonomy: Dalla Torre, 1898. Cat. Hym., v. 5, p. 224 {Coccophagus). —Burks, 1964 (1963).
Canad. Ent. 95: 1257 (type).
Catnptotera clacata Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., p. 404. ♀, ♂.

Type lost.
Entedon coquilletti Riley, 1889. U. S. Dept. Agr., Ann. Rpt. for 1888, p. 86. Type lost.
Stinophts cyaneus Ashmead, 1894. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 21: 338. 6. Type lost.
Trichogrannna flacua Ashmead, 1880. Orange Insects, p. 33. 9. Type lost.
Solenotus fletcheri Cockerell, 1889. Colo. Biol. Assoc, Rpt. 6: 2. Type lost.




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Leucospis integra Haldeman, 1844. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. 2: 53. 6. Type lost; from
original description not Leucospis; Bracymeria?

Taxonomy: Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 35.
Cricellius megachilis Ashmead, 1897. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. 1 (3): 6. 9, 6. Type
missing.
Semiotellus minimus Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 295.. 9. Type fragmentary.

Taxonomy: Burks, 1964 (1963). Canad. Ent. 95: 1262 (type).
Meraporus monticola Ashmead, 1889. Colo. Biol. Assoc, Rpt. 3: 4. Type lost.
Pteromalus nigicornis Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 297. 9. Type fragmentary, but not
Pteromalus.

Taxonomy: Burks, 1964 (1963). Canad. Ent. 95: 1260 (type).
Eurytoma orbiculata Say, 1836. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 272. Type lost.
Rhopaliciis pallipie.s Provancher, 1888. Addit. Corr. Faune Ent. Canada Hym., p. 407. 9. Type
lost, but from original description, not Rhopaliciis.

Taxonomy: Burks, 1964 (1963). Canad. Ent. 95: 1261.
Eulophus ramosus Provancher, 1881. Nat. Canad. 12: 297. 9,6. Type lost.

Taxonomy: Burks, 1964 (1963). Canad. Ent. 95: 1258 (type).
Trigonoderus varipes Viereck, 1903. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 29: 75. 9. Type lost.


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