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Top-1+1OriginalDatabase of Hymenoptera in America north of MexicoHighertaxa

Superfamily MEGALODONTOIDEA
Family XYELIDAE

A small family of primitive sawflies better represented in North America than in other parts
of the northern hemisphere. Most of the family is associated with conifers; only members of the
tribe Macroxyelini are associated with deciduous trees.

Revision: Ross, 1932. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 25: 153-169 (Nearctic).

Taxonomy: Klima, 1937. In Hedicke, Hym. Cat. pt. 4, 12 pp. (catalog). —Benson, 1945. Roy.
Ent. Soc. London, Proc, Ser. B: Taxonomy 14: 34-37 (generic classification, world).
— Burdick, 1959. Kans. Ent. Soc, Jour. 32: 120-122 (fossil). — Rasnitsyn, 1964. Paleontol.
Jour. No. 1, pp. 88-96 (fossil). -Rasnitsyn, 1965. Polski Pismo Ent. 35: 483-519 (Xyelinae of
world). —Rasnitsyn, 1966. Paleontol. Jour. No. 4, pp. 69-85 (fossil). —Smith, 1967. Ent. Soc.
Amer., Ann. 60: 376-384 (larvae).

Subfamily XYELINAE

Tribe XYELINI

Genus XYELA Dalman

Pinicola Brebisson, 1818. Soc. Philomath, de Paris, Bui. des Sci., p. 116. Preocc.

Type-species: Pinicola julii Brebisson. Desig. by Rohwer, 1911.
Xyela Dalman, 1819. Svenska Vetensk. Akad., Handl. 40: 122.

Type-species: Xyela pusilla Dalman. Desig. by Curtis, 1824.
Mastigocera Klug, 1827. In Berthold, Latreille's Nat. Fam. Thierr. p.442.
Tritokreion Schilling, 1825. Schles. Gesell. f. Vaterland. Kult. Ubers., Arb. 2: 43. No

included species.
Neoxyela Curran, 1923. Canad. Ent. 55: 20.

Type-species: Neoxyela alberta Curran. Monotypic.
Xyelatana Benson, 1938. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Proc, Ser. B: Taxonomy 7: 35.

Type-species: Xyela longula Dalman. Orig. desig.

Larvae of most species of Xyela live and feed in the developing staminate cones of Pinus spe-
cies. One species, gallicaulis, forms shoot galls. Adults fly early in the spring and are commonly
found in large numbers on the catkins of Salix or Ahius near their host plants.

Revision: Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 45: 265-281. -Burdick, 1961. Calif. Univ.,
Pubs., Ent. 17: 285-353 (also biology).

Xyela alberta (Curran)
Alta., Mont., Wyo., Calif. Host: Piyms contorta.
Neoxyela alberta Curran, 1923. Canad. Ent. 55: 20. ♀, ♂.




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Xyela alpigena (Strobl)
Que. and Maine to Md. w. to Utah and N. Mex.; Holarctic. Host: Pinus
strobus.
Pinkola alpigena Strobl, 1895. Wien. Ent. Ztg. 14: 277. ♀, ♂.
Xyela bnnmeiceps Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 269. ♀.
Xyela kamtshatica Gussakovskij, 1935. Faune URSS, Ins. Hym., T. 2, 1: 133. ♀.
Xyela middlekauffi Burdick, 1961. Calif. Univ., Pubs., Ent. 17: 343. ♀.

Taxonomy: Benson, 1962. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bui. Ent. 12: 385.

Xyela bakeri Konow
Que. to Fla. w. to B. C. and Calif. Ecology: Widespread. Host: Pmus elliottii, P.
palustris, P. ponderosa, P. sabiniana, P. virginiana.
Xyela bakeri Konow, 1898. Ent. Nachr. 24: 328.
Xyela negundinis Cockerell. 1907. Canad. Ent. 39: 324.
Xyela salicis Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 271. ♂.
Xyela intrabilis MacGillivray, 1923. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Bui. 18: 53. ♂.

Biology: Ebel, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 127-129.

Xyela californica Rohwer
Calif.

Xyela californica Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 272. ♂.

Xyela cheloma Burdick
Idaho, Nev., B. C, Wash., Oreg. Host: Pinus ponderosa.

Xyela cheloma Burdick, 1961. Calif. Univ., Pubs., Ent. 17: 336. ♀, ♂.

Xyela concava Burdick
Utah, Nev., Calif. Host: Pinus monophylla, P. ponderosa.

Xyela concava Burdick, 1961. Calif. Univ., Pubs., Ent. 17: 342. ♀, ♂.

Xyela deserti Burdick
Nev., Calif. Host: Pinus monophylla.

Xyela deserti Burdick, 1961. Calif. Univ., Pubs., Ent. 17: 347. ♀, ♂.

Xyela dodgei Greenbaum
Fla. (Cedar Key).

Xyela dodgei Greenbaum, 1973. Fla. Ent. 57: 104-106. ♂.

Xyela gallicaulis Smith
Va., Ga. Ecology: Larva feeds inside and forms galls on shoots. Host: Pinus
echinata, P. elliottii, P. taeda.

Xyela gallicaulis Smith, 1970. Ga. Ent. Soc, Jour. 5: 69-72. 9,6. larva.

Xyela linsleyi Burdick
Idaho, B. C, Wash., Calif. Host: Pinus ponderosai^).

Xyela li^isleyi Burdick, 1961. Calif. Univ., Pubs., Ent. 17: 344. ♀, ♂.

Xyela lunata Burdick
Calif. Host: Pinus coulteri, P. sabiniana.

Xyela lunata Burdick, 1961. Calif. Univ., Pubs., Ent. 17: 334. ♀, ♂.

Xyela minor Norton
Que. to Fla. w. to B. C. and Calif. Ecology: Widespread. Host: Pinus coulteri,
P. elliottii, P. muricata, P. pahistris, P. ponderosa, P. sabiniana, P. taeda, P.
virginiayia.

Xyela 7ni7ior Norton, 1868. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 2: 349. ♀.

Xyela luteopicta Cockerell, 1902. Canad. Ent. 34: 194. ♂.

Xyela alni Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 268. ♀, ♂.

Xyela winnemanae Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 268. ♀.

Xyela errans Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 269. ♀.

Xyela dissimilis Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 45: 270. ♀.

Xyela nevadensis Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 271. ♀.

Xyela coloradensis Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 272. ♂. N. syn.

Biology: Ebel, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 127-129.

Morphology: Daly, 1963. Ent. Soc Amer., Ann. 56: 299.

Xyela obscura (Strobl)
Newfoundland to Fla. w. to N. W. T., B. C. and Calif.; Holarctic. Ecology:
Widespread. Host: Pinus banksiayia, P. palustris, P. ponderosa, P. virginiana.
Piyiicola julii var. obscura Strobl, 1895. Wien. Ent. Ztg. 14: 277. ♀.
Xyela japonica Rohwer, 1910. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 39: 99. ♀.
Xyela pini Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 45: 267. ♀, ♂.
Xyela slossonae Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc. 45: 270. ♀, ♂.
Xyela similis Rohwer, 1913. U. S. Natl. Mus., Proc 45: 271. ♂.

Taxonomy: Benson, 1962. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bui. Ent. 12: 385.

Biology: Ebel, 1966. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 59: 127-129.




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Xyela priceae Burdick
Calif. Host: Pinus coulteri.

Xyela prkeae Burdick, 1961. Calif. Univ., Pubs., Ent. 17: 339. ♀, ♂.

Xyela radiatae Burdick
Calif. Host: Pinus radiata(?).

Xyela radiatae Burdick, 1961. Calif. Univ., Pubs., Ent. 17: 337. ♀, ♂.

Xyela serrata Burdick
Calif. Host: Pinus muricata.

Xyela serrata Burdick, 1961. Calif. Univ., Pubs., Ent. 17: 341. ♀.

Xyela styrax Burdick
D. C, Ga., Md., N. Y., Va. Host: Pinus virginiana.

Xyela styrax Burdick, 1961. Calif. Univ., Pubs., Ent. 17: 345. ♀, ♂.

Tribe PLERONEURINI
Genus PLERONEURA Konow

Pleronenra Konow, 1897. Ent. Nachr. 23: 56.

Type-species: Xyela dahli Hartig. Desig. by Rohwer, 1911.
Pleuroneura Ashmead, 1898. Psyche 8: 214. Emend.
Manoxyela Ashmead, 1898. Psyche 8: 214.

Type-species: Manoxyela californica Ashmead. Orig. desig.

Larvae of this genus live in the developing shoots and buds of Abies.

Revision: Rohwer, 1910. Canad. Ent. 42: 88-93. —Ross, 1932. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 25:
156-159.

Taxonomy: Smith, 1967. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 60: 382-383 (larvae). —Smith, 1967. Ent. Soc.
Wash., Proc. 69: 182-183 (species synonymy).

Pleroneura aldrichi Ross
Idaho, Oreg., Nev., Calif. Host: Abies.

Pleroneura aldrichi Ross, 1932. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 25: 158-159. ♀, ♂.

Pleroneura brunneicornis Rohwer
N. S., N. B., Maine, Que., Ont., N. Y., Minn. Host: Abies balsamea, A.
concolor.
Pleroneura bruneiconiisV.) Rohwer, 1910. Canad. Ent. 42: 89. ♀.
Pleroneura bmyineicomis Rohwer, 1910. Canad. Ent. 42: 220.
Pleroneura borealis Felt, 1917. Canad. Ent. 49: 220. ♀, ♂.

Biology: Webb and Forbes, 1951. Canad. Ent. 83: 181-183.

Pleroneura californica (Ashmead)
Wyo., Alta., Utah, B. C, Oreg., Calif. Host: Abies spp.

Manoxyela califoi-nica Ashmead, 1898. Psyche 8: 214. ♂.

Pleroneura fulvicornis Rohwer, 1910. Canad. Ent. 42: 89. ♂.

Pleroneura sclucarzi Rohwer, 1910. Canad. Ent. 42: 220. ♀.

Pleroneura koebelei Rohwer
Idaho, Oreg., Calif. Host: Abies spp.

Pleroneura koebelei Rohwer, 1910. Canad. Ent. 42: 90. ♂.

Pleroneura lutea Rohwer
Idaho, Oreg., Nev., Calif.

Pleroneura lutea Rohwer, 1910. Canad. Ent. 42: 90. ♂.

Subfamily MACROXYELINAE

Tribe XYELECIINI

Genus XYELECIA Ross

Xyelecia Ross, 1932. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 25: 159.

Type-species: Xyelecia nearctica Ross. Orig. desig.

Xyelecia nearctica Ross
"Mont, and Colo.", Idaho, Oreg., Calif. Ecology: Larvae live in shoots. Host:
Abies spp.
Xyelecia nearctica Ross, 1932. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 25: 160. ♀.

Taxonomy: Smith, 1964. Pan-Pacific Ent. 40: 54-56 (male). —Smith, 1967. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
Ann. 60: 381-382 (larva).




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Tribe MACROXYELINI
Genus MACROXYELA Kirby

Macroxyela Kirby, 1882. List Hym. Brit. Mus. v. 1, p. 351.

Type-species: Xyela ferruginea Say. Orig. desig.
Protoxyela MacGillivray, 1912. Canad. Ent. 44: 295.

Type-species: Xyela aeniad) Norton. Orig. desig.

Larvae of this genus feed on the leaves of deciduous trees.
Revision: Ross, 1932. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 25: 164-166.

Macroxyela aenea (Norton)
La., Mo., Tex.

Xyela aenea Norton, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 4: 86. ♂.

Macroxyela bicolor MacGillivray
Ohio, 111.

Macroxyela bicolor MacGillivray, 1912. Canad. Ent. 44: 294. ♂.

Macroxyela bicolor var. harti Ross, 1932. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 25: 166. ♂.

Macroxyela ferruginea (Say)
Ont. and Mass. s. to Va. w. to Nebr., Kans. and Okla.; one record from
Moscow, Idaho. Host: Ulmus.

Xyela ferruginea Say, 1824. In Keating, Narr. Long's 2nd Exped. v.2, (App.), p. 310. ♀.

Xyela infuscata Norton, 1861. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc. 8: 224. ♂.

Macroxyela obsoleta MacGillivray, 1912. Canad. Ent. 44: 294. ♀.

Macroxyela disti^icta MacGillivray, 1912. Canad. Ent. 44: 295. ♀.

Taxonomy: Smith, 1967. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 60: 379-380 (larva).
Biology: Garlick, 1923. Canad. Ent. 55: 256-257.

Genus MEGAXYELA Ashmead

Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898. Psyche 8: 214.

Type-species: Xyela major Cresson. Orig. desig.
Odontophyes Konow, 1899. Wien. Ent. Ztg. 18: 42.

Type-species: Pleroneura aviingrata Dyar. Monotypic.
Paraxyela MacGillivray, 1912. Canad. Ent. 44: 294.

Type-species: Xyela tricolor Norton. Orig. desig.

Larvae of this genus feed on the leaves of deciduous trees.
Revision: Ross, 1932. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 25: 161-164.

Megaxyela bicoloripes (Rohwer)
Pa., Va., Miss.

Odontophyes bicoloripes Rohwer, 1924. Ent. Soc. Wash., Proc. 26: 215. ♀.

Megaxyela major (Cresson)
N. Y. to Fla. w. to Kans., Okla., Tex. Host: Carya illinoiensis.
Xyela major Cresson, 1880. Amer. Ent. Soc, Trans. 8: 34. ♀, ♂.
Odontophyes ferruginea Bridwell, 1906. Ent. News 17: 94. ♀.
Megaxyela langstoni Ross, 1936. Ent. News 47: 131. 9,
Taxonomy: Smith, 1967. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 60: 380-381 (larva).

Megaxyela tricolor (Norton)
N. Y., 111., Kans. Host: Carya, Juglans cinerea.
Xyela tricolor Norton, 1862. Ent. Soc Phila., Proc. 1: 114. ♂.
Pleroneura aviingrata Dyar, 1898. Psyche 8: 213. 9, larva. N. syn.

Taxonomy: Smith, 1967. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 60: 381 (larva).


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