Data sources:

1. Heteropteran literature based records from AFD (ABRS/NSL)
2. Heteropteran specimen records from PBI database (AMNH/UNSW)
3. Plant records from APNI and APC (ABRS/NSL)
4. Heteropteran-plant interaction data from (i)-(ii).

QUESTIONS

QUERY #1: Bug species A-us (genus, taxon) feeds on what plants?

• Query #1 methodology
  Heteropteran species A-us [Entity 1] feeds [Event] on what plants [Entity 2(1+n)]? The operational framework for this query is based on Schema v1.1, inclusive of two entities and their relations, such that the statement follows the formula of: subject1 - verb1 - object1, with directionality of the interaction inherent in the statement. QUERY 1 refers to two-way species interactions, where Entity 1 is the subject of the enquiry and Entity 2 is the object. In this case Entity 1 is primary (= focus of the query) and singular and Entity 2 can be either single or multiple entities. The Event (verb1) is a reference to the interaction classification (see Schema v1.1). For example, first level of interaction hierarchy: Competitor, Consumer, Mutualistic, are specified, with modifiers and synonyms as given in the Controlled Vocabulary of Schema v1.1. The Event "feeds" has a number of synonyms in the controlled vocabulary, such as "eats", "consumes", etc. There are also more generic terms such as "host", which can refer to feeding, but also to breeding and ovipositional attributes of the association, and are putatively synonymous and transformable. For example, in the Schema v1.1 "feeds" is classified as a resource Consumer interaction, with net effects between subject1 and object1 (i.e., +/-), reported in general terms, without reference to interaction strength. In the case of a heteropteran bug-plant interaction, Entity 1 is a specific bug species, and the subject of enquiry, such that the bug has a single or multiple interactions with discrete plant species, namely, Entity 2. Plant species can be a binomial, multiple binomials, an undetermined species of a genus, or a common name. The plant names have their associated hierarchy and can be further queried and analysed, in relation to advanced queries that require putative aggregation of QUERY 1 outputs.

• Entity Logic for Query #1
  For entities, formal taxon names (i.e., Linnean scientific names, post-1758) are across the taxonomic hierarchy from the binomial (genus and species epithet(s) and categories above the binomial) and above. For SIAD we are not treating trinomial or quadrinomial names. In such cases the data are transferred to the nominotypical species epithet. Because of bandwidth and CPU constraints, queries will focus on species, genus and family group taxa. Species interaction data abstracted at higher taxon levels is regarded as having less obvious patterns in the data, and of limited predictive value. The valid binomial name and accepted available binomial names will follow the NSL and their original AFD and APNI sources, and are the standard for SIAD. Any additional extralimital available names provisionally allowed from other sources (e.g., GBIF, EOL, DiscoverLife) are admissible on a case by case basis. For supraspecific taxa, alternative classifications are not accommodated within SIAD. Queries can be made for junior synonyms and returned as current valid name, with verbatim data putatively recoverable through the NSL portal. Homonyms are not corrected across higher taxa (e.g., Byblis is a genus-group for flowering plants and crustaceans, but is not as yet addressed in the primary literature) in terms of queries, and will be returned as both. Homonymy is considered as non-significant in the SIAD framework. Notwithstanding the shortcoming of using common names (viz. limited agreement, excessive synonymy), we will consider query by common name, although this is currently constrained by their limited processing in the NSL. Vernacular and technical modifiers of species names will be accommodated within the query framework, according to Schema v1.1. For example, we will accommodate query phrases such as "males of Creontiades dilutus" or "Creontiades dilutus males".

• Event Logic for Query #1
  The logic of this query is predicated on a demonstrated species-species interaction or association record between a heteropteran (= true bug) and a plant (non-vascular, vascular seed plants), that requires the meeting of certain criteria to allow for a Associate:Consumer:Herbivore statement of feeding. The notion of plant feeding is either recorded a priori (verbatim data) or assumed with confidence where verbatim datum are transformable based on extrinsic information, and herein established criteria. Verbatim and transformed data Definitive statements of feeding are less likely from specimen label data, where the verbatim datum rarely extend beyond the entity records alone. Definitive statements of feeding are derived primarily from literature and observational data, where feeding data is explicitly recorded or reported. This is best exemplified from the agricultural and biosecurity literature. For example, green mirid (= Creontiades dilutus (Stål 1859); feeds on cotton (~ Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus 1758). There is a vast literature on this interaction but also includes a number of other commercial and non-commercial plant associations (biodiversity.org.au). In this case the evidence is conclusive that species interaction can be classified in terms of a Associate:Consumer resource interaction (e.g., herbivore) and net effect (+/-; i.e., Creontiades dilutus feeds with deleterious effects inclusive of energy and material transfer from cotton). In most cases however the verbatim datum is indicative of an "association," i. e., an Associate. With no further evidence or transformation of the datum, it is not in the first instance Associate:Neutral (0/0), with no necessary inference of resource consumption (e.g., energy transfer, predator-prey dynamics), net effect, food web attributes or interaction strength. For example, specimen based verbatim datum: "ex apple". In this instance the specimen label would indicate that the insect specimen in question was collected from "apple". There is no a priori inference of the nature of the association. Under the assumption that there is no transcription or trivial error in the datum, a number of factors preclude the transformation of the verbatim datum: (i) sitting or tourist records; (ii) no background knowledge of ecology of interacting species; (iii) additional records of said interaction. However, there is a literature based record of Creontiades dilutus associated with apple (as Malus pumila -- see also biodiversity.org.au). In this instance, we know that Creontiades dilutus is a herbivore, that has broad host breadth, and based on this background knowledge, there is extrinsic information that the species is a herbivore. However, there is little confidence in a single specimen record of apple being a primary, secondary or incidental feeding host of green mirid, or for that matter a trivial non-feeding tourist record. With this in mind we establish the following criteria for transformation of the verbatim datum.

  The following criteria will allow for transformation of specimen level data from Associate to Associate:Consumer:Herbivore if the specimen level data is greater than singleton and doubleton records, such that: (i) multiple specimen records (>3 specimens; <3 if both sexes; >2 if females only -- females are indicative of breeding host as well); (ii) larval and adult specimen records (>3 specimens, incl. of minimum singleton larva); (iii) multiple locations (>1 location); (iv) second plant species in the same genus or family with >2 specimens. The meeting of at least one of these criteria is regarded as sufficient, with more than one providing a higher confidence rating to designate as Consumer:Heribvore. In the case of singleton or doubleton records designations will remain as Associate or transformed provisionally to "putative" Associate:Consumer:Herbivore if supported by literature-based supporting information (viz. from AFD or other bibliographic sources) that is independent of the specimen level data. Confidence ratings are to be considered based on these ratings.

  Literature or bibliographic records can also be transformed where >2 independent records are found, although perpetuation through cataloguing of original data is not permitted to fulfill the >2 criterion. In addition additional extrinsic information exists that will make it admissible to transfer Associate to Associate:Consumer designation based on what we known of feeding and food preferences within the suborder Heteroptera. Most heteropterans are plant-feeding, although there are significant taxon numbers of predaceous, omnivorous and fungal feeding species. These later taxa are assumed based on background knowledge of the non-herbivore species, and omnivorous designations do not necessarily dismiss "plant feeding", but is additional to it. Fungal feeding is far less common and is restricted to a fewer higher taxa, more or less obligately (families Aradidae and Termitaphididae, Miridae: Cylapinae partim), and is largely data free in the heteropteran case study.

• Permissible Entity terms for Query #1
  
  • Entity 1: (i) Common names, non-formal names for A-us (e.g., Green mirid); (ii) Formal taxonomic name for species A-us (e.g., Creontiades dilutus, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Mirinae, Mirini). This can be modified by life stage attributes, such as: (i) adults; and (ii) larva(e) or nymph(s). For example, nymphs of Creontiades dilutus.
  • Entity 2: (i) Vernacular, non-specific, whole plants (e.g., "plant(s)", vascular plants, flowers, trees, forbs, grasses); (ii) Common names, non-formal (e.g., emu bush, River Red Gum); (iii) Formal taxonomic, specific, binomial and supraspecific taxon name(s) (e.g., Eremophila freelingii, Scrophulariaceae, family Scrophulariaceae, Angiospermae). These can also be modified adjectively through plant attributes, either as (i) Vernacular, plant attributes (e.g., flowers, pollen, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, bark, etc.); or (ii) Anatomical, technical (e.g., parenchyma, xylem, phloem). For example, flowers of Eremophila freelingii.

• Storyboard of QUERY #1
  Exemplar: Inoma arrernte [Entity 1] FEEDS [Event] on what plant(s) [Entity 2]?
  Background: Inoma arrernte Cassis and Symonds 2011 is a lacebug species, that is known from five sites in Australia (4 from NT, 1 from NSW). The genus Inoma is an endemic Australian genus which is represented by nine species, with three new species yet to be described. The genus is closely related to the Eastern Hemisphere genus Lasiacantha, which has centres of endemism and species richness in sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean region, India and Australia. Species of both genera co-occur in Australia. Inoma arrernte has been found on the following plant species: family Asteraceae: Anemocarpa saxatilis, family: Asteraceae: Rutidosis helichrysoides, and Solanaceae: Solanum ellipticum.

  The genus Inoma and sister-genus Lasiacantha are primarily known from species belonging to the plant genera Eremophila (emu bush, family Scrophulariaceae), and in the former the labiate genera Dicrastylis and Newcastleia (Lamiaceae). The host plant records of Inoma arrernte with aster genera (Asteraceae), is indicative of host switching, which is not dismissed, because both males and females of this bug species is found on Anemocarpa saxatilis, thus meeting the minimum specimen number criterion (>5) and both sexes. The records are derived from the PBI database, and abstracted to the AFD, processed through the NSL and SIAD.

• Query output:
  The taxonomic data with Darwin Core standards and species interaction Schema v1.1 and the result from the query is as follows:
  Data source (i) Transformed Data from processed AFD/NSL csv file with SCHEMA and CONTROLLED VOCAB: (Heteroptera: Tingidae) Inoma arrernte [Entity-1] Associate:Consumer:Herbivore [Event] on (Asteraceae) Anemocarpa saxatilis, (Asteraceae) Rutidosis helichrysoides, (Solanaceae) Solanum ellipticum, Halgania cyanea (Boraginaceae) [Entity-2] http://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/f6fb71f2-aece-40a6-9dd2-3d2853c1e9e4 [Evidence] Data source (ii) Transformed data from processed PBI csv file with SCHEMA and CONTROLLED VOCAB: (Heteroptera: Tingidae) Inoma arrernte [Entity-1] Associate:Consumer:Herbivore [Event] on (Asteraceae) Anemocarpa saxatilis, (Asteraceae) Rutidosis helichrysoides, (Solanaceae) Solanum ellipticum [Entity-2] PBI Unique specimen identifiers see http://ala1.science.unsw.edu.au/data/source/AMNH_PBI/AMNH_PBI.txt [Evidence]

• Storyboard Query #1 remarks
  The transformation of the data allows for the following designations: Inoma arrernte putatively feeds on Anemocarpa saxatilis (Asteraceae) with >5 specimen records (3 male, seven females, 4 larvae); Inoma arrernte has singleton specimen records for the plants Rutidosis helichrysoides (Asteraceae), (Solanaceae) Solanum ellipticum (PBI), which are repeated in the literature based records (AFD/NSL), and are considered Associate and are not transformed to Associate:Consumer:Herbivore status. The Associate designation differs to the Associate:Neutral category, in that it does not refer to 0/0 net effect but only to association with unknown effects.

QUERY #2: What heteropteran species (sp. or spp.) feed on plant species X-us?

• Query #2 methodology
  What Heteropteran species [Entity 1(1+n)] feeds [Event] on plant species X-us [Entity 2]?
  The operational framework for this query is based on Schema v1.1, inclusive of two entities and their relations, such that the statement follows the formula of: entity1 - verb1 - entity2, with directionality of the interaction inherent in the statement. QUERY 2 refers to two-way species interactions, where Entity 2 is the subject of the enquiry. In this case Entity 2 is primary and singular. Entity 1 can be either singular or plural. The definitions, permissible terms and rules for entities and schema are as in QUERY 1. In this case of a heteropteran bug-plant interaction, Entity 1 refers to all species of bugs that are found on Entity 2. Bug species can be a binomial, multiple binomials, an undetermined species of a genus, or a common name. The bug names have their associated hierarchy and can be further queried and analysed, in relation to advanced queries that require putative aggregation of QUERY 2 outputs. Entity 2 refers to a particular plant species, and only that species. As such the question is more static in terms of the Schema, in that we are asking question, "What insect species are hosted by plant species X?" In essence, this is a more community assemblage question, albeit with limited or no knowledge of putative interactions of the bug species. Aside from food web studies, such data are not expected, and we will make no effort to transform these data. The only exception maybe a highlighting of bug species that are known predators of insects, that have been collected on a plant, but are not considered host plant specific, but maybe putative predators of host plant specific bug herbivores. This has an inference of a tri-trophic interaction and will be explored in the future.

• Putative outputs for QUERY #2
  The possible outputs for this query are: (i) bug species A-us feeds on plant species X-us; (ii) bug species A-us-A(1 +n) feed on plant species X-us. Query #2 outputs are such that there are multiple two-way interactions found, and all bug taxa are recovered, for listing, visual display, or available for advanced searches.

• Storyboard of QUERY #2
  Examplar: What heteropteran species feeds on Eremophila freelingii?
  Background: Eremophila freelingii is a common emu bush species that is found in central Australia.

• Query output:
  1. Tingidae: Inoma fuscata x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii (AFD/NSL, PBI, SIAD)
     
  2. Tingidae: Lasiacantha luritja x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii (AFD/NSL, PBI, SIAD)
     
  3. Pentatomidae: Cuspicona eremophilaex Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii (AFD/NSL)
     
  4. Pentatomidae: Cuspicona intacta x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii (AFD/NSL)
     
  5. Pentatomidae: Eremophilacoris aridicolus x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii (AFD/NSL)
     
  6. Pentatomidae: Macrocarenoides scutellatus x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii (AFD/NSL)
     
  7. Pentatomidae: Neagenor spinosus x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii (AFD/NSL)
     
  8. Pentatomidae: Poecilometis fuscescens x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii (AFD/NSL)
     

• Storyboard remarks
  Eight species of heteropterans have been collected from Eremophila freelingii, inclusive of two species of lacebugs (family Tingidae) and six species of stinkbugs (family Pentatomidae). The lacebug genera are very closely related, and two species of the stinkbug genus Cuspicona are found on this species of emu bush. This output is the first listing of heteropteran associates with this plant species, and is derived from the literature and specimen-based data. As such this output has a number of important qualities, that will be universally found by this query, inclusive of: (i) taxon identity of associates; (ii) hierarchical distribution of associates (i.e., what genera and families are the associates found within); (iii) interaction type (e.g., Associate:Consumer:Herbivore); (iv) ranking of interaction type (viz., confidence estimate of interaction type). It has also predictive value, such as: (i) degree of host specificity; (ii) interaction pattern across the abstracted hierarchies (i.e., do plant genera and heteropteran genera show patterns of association); (iii) are the associates co-located spatiotemporally (from specimen level data only).

QUERY #3: Heteropteran genus A has what host plant associations?

• Query #3 methodology
  Species of Heteropteran genus A [Entity 1(1+n)] are associated [Event] with what plant species [Entity 2(1+n)]?
  The operational framework for this query is a modification of QUERY #1, this is multi-taxon based for both entities. This involves a heteropteran genus group query, accounting for all the included species (valid names only) [Entity 1] and all their host plants [Entity] by heteropteran bug species. Both entities have their associated hierarchies, in this case family-group names, inclusive of infrafamilial categories above the genus level (e.g., subfamily, tribe). The definitions and rules for entities and schema are as in QUERY #1. Permissible terms vary.

• Permissible Entity terms for Query #3
  Entity 1: (i) Formal genus-group name for heteropteran genus A; (ii) Formal species-group names for heteropteran genus A; (iii) Common names, non-formal names of heteropteran genus A.
  Entity 2: (i) Formal species-group names for plants X-us X(1+n);); (ii) Common names, non-formal names for plants X-us-.X(1+n);) where available. These can also be modified adjectively through plant attributes, either as (i) Vernacular, plant attributes (e.g., flowers, pollen, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, bark, etc.); or (ii) Anatomical, technical (e.g., parenchyma, xylem, phloem).
  

• Putative outputs for QUERY #3
  The possible outputs for this query are: (i) bug genus A is associated with plant species X-us-X(1+n); (ii) bug species A-us-.A(1+n) feed on/associated with plant species X-us. Results from (i) and (ii) may be single or multiple entities.

• Storyboard of QUERY #3
  Examplar: What are the hosts of the lacebug genus Inoma?
  Background: Inoma is an Australian endemic lacebug genus that is found in temperate and arid Australia, and comprises, eight described species, and three undescribed species.

• Query output:
  AFD/NSL: 7 species of Inoma have host plant records in the literature as follows:
  1. Tingidae: Inoma arrernte x Asteraceae: Anemocarpa saxatilis
  2. Tingidae: Inoma arrernte x Asteraceae: Rutidosis helichrysoides
  3. Tingidae: Inoma arrernte x Solanaceae: Solanum ellipticum
  4. Tingidae: Inoma arrernte x Boraginaceae: Halgania cyanea
  5. Tingidae: Inoma breviseta x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila gilesii
  6. Tingidae: Inoma fuscata x Fabaceae: Acacia sp.
  7. Tingidae: Inoma fuscata x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii
  8. Tingidae: Inoma fuscata x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila gilesii
  9. Tingidae: Inoma innamincka x Lamiaceae: Teucrium racemosum
  10. Tingidae: Inoma kalbarri x Lamiaceae: Dicrastylis fulva
  11. Tingidae: Inoma kalbarri x Lamiaceae: Pityrodia teckiana
  12. Tingidae: Inoma multispinosa x Lamiaceae: Dicrastylis lewellinii
  13. Tingidae: Inoma multispinosa x Lamiaceae: Newcastelia cephalantha
  14. Tingidae: Inoma multispinosa x Amaranthaceae: Ptilotus obovatus
  15. Tingidae: Inoma stysi x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila forrestii
  16. Tingidae: Inoma stysi x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila macdonnellii

  PBI: 1095 specimen level records of Inoma spp. with host plant associations as follows:

  1. Tingidae: Inoma arrernte x Asteraceae: Anemocarpa saxatilis
  2. Tingidae: Inoma arrernte x Asteraceae: Rutidosis helichrysoides
  3. Tingidae: Inoma arrernte x Solanaceae: Solanum ellipticum
  4. Tingidae: Inoma breviseta x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila gilesii
  5. Tingidae: Inoma fuscata x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii
  6. Tingidae: Inoma fuscata x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila gilesii
  7. Tingidae: Inoma stysi x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila forrestii
  8. Tingidae: Inoma sp. x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila gilesii
  9. Tingidae: Inoma multispinosa x Fabaceae: Dillwynia retorta
  10. Tingidae: Inoma multispinosa x Fabaceae: Acacia buxifolia
  11. Tingidae: Inoma fuscata x Poaceae: Aristida jerichoensis var. subopinulifera
  12. Tingidae: Inoma innamincka x Lamiaceae: Teucrium racemosum
  13. Tingidae: Inoma kalbarri x Lamiaceae: Dicrastylis fulva
  14. Tingidae: Inoma kalbarri x Lamiaceae: Pityrodia teckiana
  15. Tingidae: Inoma karijini x Scrophulariacae: Eremophila jucunda
  16. Tingidae: Inoma multispinosa x Lamiaceae: Dicrastylis lewellinii
  17. Tingidae: Inoma multispinosa x Lamiaceae: Newcastelia cephalantha
  18. Tingidae: Inoma multispinosa x Amaranthaceae: Ptilotus obovatus
  19. Tingidae: Inoma silveirae x Lamiaceae: Dicrastylis lewellinii
  20. Tingidae: Inoma silveirae x Lamiaceae: Dicrastylis lewellinii
  21. Tingidae: Inoma silveirae x Amaranthaceae: Ptilotus obovatus
  22. Tingidae: Inoma silveirae x Lamiaceae: Dicrastylis beveridgei var. beveridgei
  23. Tingidae: Inoma silveirae x Chloanthaceae: Newcastelia cephalantha
  24. Tingidae: Inoma stysi x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila forrestii
  25. Tingidae: Inoma stysi x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila macdonnellii
  26. Tingidae: Inoma sp. 2 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila sturtii
  27. Tingidae: Inoma sp. 2 x Cupressaceae: Callitris verrucosa
  28. Tingidae: Inoma sp. 2 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila caperata
  29. Tingidae: Inoma sp. 2 x Myrtaceae: Darwinia fascicularis subsp. fascicularis
  30. Tingidae: Inoma sp. 2 x Proteaceae: Hakea mitchellii
  31. Tingidae: Inoma sp. 2 x Poaceae: Aristida jerichoensis var. subopinulifera
  32. Tingidae: Inoma sp. 4 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila gilesii

• Storyboard Remarks of QUERY #3
  Almost all species of Inoma have host plant association records, based on either the literature or specimen records. The query resulted in the recognition of a broad plant association range, but most Inoma species belong to the families Lamiaceae and Scrophulariaceae, and respective genera Dicrastylis and Eremophila.

  This is an extension of Query #1 (plant associations of Inoma arrernte) and allows us to make a comparison of its associations with nearest and not-nearest phylogenetic neighbours. This allows for the following follow up types of queries: (i) are there any coevolutionary trends, likelihoods, patterns, etc.; (ii) are the associations host plant specific, oligophagous or polyphagous; (iii) are the plants or bugs spatially overlapping; (iv) what is the phylogenetic spread of the plant associations for a bug genus; (v) are there any trends at the genus-group or suprageneric group levels, viz. does Inoma favour any particular genus, in this case Eremophila or Dicrastylis; (vi) are there are any plant attributes that are found across the plant range of the genus that may have an ecological or phylogenetic signal, viz. glandular hairs, soil type; (vii) are there any correlated geographic patterns of the interacting taxa.

QUERY #4: What heteropteran species are associated with plant genus X?

• Query methodology
  What Heteropteran species [Entity 1(1+n)] are associated [Event] with plant genus X [Entity 2(1+n)]?
  The operational framework for this query is a modification of QUERY #2, this is a multi-taxon query for both entities. This involves an all heteropteran [Entity 1] query, accounting for all the included species (valid names only) and an all species query within a particular plant genus (X) [Entity 2]. Both entities inclue their associated hierarchies, in this case family-group names.

  The definitions and rules for entities and schema are as in QUERY #2. Permissible terms vary.

• Permissible Entity terms
  Entity 1: (i) Formal species-group names of heteropterans of taxa A-us-.A(1+n); (ii) Common names, non-formal names of heteropterans of taxa A-us-.A(1+n).

  Entity 2: (i) Common names, non-formal for species of plant genus X (e.g., emu bush); (iii) Formal species names (binomial) for species of plant genus X and associated hierarchy(e.g., Eremophila freelingii, Scrophulariaceae, family Scrophulariaceae). These can also be modified adjectively through plant attributes, either as (i) Vernacular, plant attributes (e.g., flowers, pollen, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, bark, etc.); or (ii) Anatomical, technical (e.g., parenchyma, xylem, phloem). For example, fruit of Eremophila freelingii.

• Event diagnostic for QUERY #4
  The possible outputs for this query are: (i) bug species A-us-.A(1+n) are associated with plant species X-us-X(1+n); (ii) bug species A-us feeds on/associated with plant species X-us-.X(1+n). Results from (i) and (ii) may be singular or multiple for both entities, with a single species of bug associated with a single or multiple plant species, and conversely, a single plant species may have multiple bug species.

• Storyboard of QUERY #4
  Examplar: What bugs species are found on the plant genus Eremophila?
  Background: Eremophila is an Australian endemic plant genus that is found mostly in temperate and arid Australia, and comprises, >200 described species
  

• Query output:
  AFD/NSL: 21 species of Heteroptera are associated with the plant genus Eremophila based on the following species based records:
  1. Pentatomidae: Cuspicona eremophilaex Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii
  2. Pentatomidae: Cuspicona intacta x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii
  3. Pentatomidae: Eremophilacoris aridicolus x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii
  4. Pentatomidae: Macrocarenoides scutellatus x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii
  5. Pentatomidae: Neagenor spinosus x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii
  6. Pentatomidae: Poecilometis fuscescens x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii
  7. Miridae: Coridromius chenopoderis x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila forrestii
  8. Miridae: Coridromius chenopoderis x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila ionantha
  9. Miridae: Coridromius chenopoderis x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila forrestii
  10. Miridae: Coridromius chenopoderis x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila mitchellii
  11. Miridae: Jiwarli ptilotus x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila scoparia
  12. Miridae: Polyozus furcilla x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila sturtii
  13. Miridae: Polyozus galbanus x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila sturtii
  14. Tingidae: Inoma breviseta x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila gilesii
  15. Tingidae: Inoma fuscata x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii
  16. Tingidae: Inoma fuscata x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila gilesii
  17. Tingidae: Inoma stysi x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila forrestii
  18. Tingidae: Inoma stysi x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila macdonnellii
  19. Tingidae: Lasiacantha luritja x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii
  20. Tingidae: Lasiacantha aureolus x Eremophila sp.
  21. Tingidae: Lasiacantha darwini x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila sp.
  22. Tingidae: Lasiacantha discordis x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila dempsteri
  23. Tingidae: Lasiacantha dysmikos x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila clavata
  24. Tingidae: Lasiacantha eremophila x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila clavata
  25. Tingidae: Lasiacantha inaquosa x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila sp.
  26. Tingidae: Lasiacantha inaquosa x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila latrobei
  27. Tingidae: Lasiacantha inaquosa x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila longifolia
  28. Tingidae: Lasiacantha serraseta x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila mitchellii

  PBI: 1664 specimen level records of heteropterans associated with species of the genus Eremophila as follows:

  1. Miridae: G010 (AnoukM) S001 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila mitchellii
  2. Miridae: Austrobucculus sp. x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila scoparia
  3. Miridae: Austromiris S008 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila scoparia
  4. Miridae: Austromiris S009 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila scoparia
  5. Miridae: Austromiris S018 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila caperata
  6. Miridae: Austromiris S020 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila mitchellii
  7. Miridae: Austromiris S020 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila caperata
  8. Miridae: Austromiris sp. x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila scoparia
  9. Miridae: Austromiris S043 Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila sturtii
  10. Miridae: Austromiris sp. x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila dempsteri
  11. Miridae: Austromiris sp. x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila caperata
  12. Miridae: Austromiris sp. x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila inonatha
  13. Miridae: nov. gen. SP05 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila sturtii
  14. Tingidae: Eritingis sp03 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila sp.
  15. Tingidae: Eritingis sp03 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila sturtii
  16. Tingidae: Inoma breviseta x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila gilesii
  17. Tingidae: Inoma fuscata x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii
  18. Tingidae: Inoma fuscata x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila gilesii
  19. Tingidae: Inoma karijini x Scrophulariacae: Eremophila jucunda
  20. Tingidae: Inoma stysi x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila forrestii
  21. Tingidae: Inoma sp. x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila gilesii
  22. Tingidae: Inoma sp. 2 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila sturtii
  23. Tingidae: Inoma sp. 4 x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila gilesi
  24. Tingidae: Inonemia mussiva x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila mitchellii
  25. Tingidae: Lasiacantha aureolus x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila sp.
  26. Tingidae: Lasiacantha eremophila x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila clavata
  27. Tingidae: Lasiacantha inaquosa x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila longifolia
  28. Tingidae: Lasiacantha luritja x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila freelingii
  29. Tingidae: Lasiacantha serraseta x Scrophulariaceae: Eremophila mitchellii
  30. Tingidae: Paracopium albofasciatum x Eremophila sp.

• QUERY #4 Storyboard Remarks

  Multiple species of heteropteran species were found both for the literature/bibliographic records (21 species of bugs x 13 species of Eremophila [excl. of 1 undetermined species]) and 1664 records for the specimen database (22 species of bugs x 10 species of Eremophila [excl. undetermined species]). There is significant overlap between the data sources, but both data sources have unique records. Most Eremophila species have multiple bug species associated with them.

  This outcome indicates an assemblage of true bugs that are found for Eremophila across Australia, such that Eremophila can be interpreted as being a hub of bug diversification, inclusive of: (i) six species of Pentatomidae; (ii) at least 11 species of Miridae; and, (iii) at least 16 species of Tingidae. Such species interactions across Australia are on a scale that have been rarely demonstrated in Australia, and meets an original objective of SIAD.

  This has the important outcome that the result can be analysed in terms of degree of host specificity. For example, Inoma fuscata is found on two species of Eremophila, and cannot be interpreted as being host plant specific, where multiple specimen records have been reported above the >5 criterion established above for both Eremophila freelingii and E. gilesi.

QUERY #5: Heteropteran family A-idae has what host plant associations?

• Query methodology
  Species of heteropteran family A-idae [Entity 1(1+n)] are associated [Event] with what plants [Entity 2(1+n)]?
  The operational framework for this query is a modification of QUERY #1 and #3, this is a multi-taxon query for both entities. This involves a within family-group query for Heteroptera, accounting for all its included species (valid names only) [Entity 1] and all their plant associates [Entity] relevant to that heteropteran family. For the plant entities, their associated hierarchies are given; for bugs all the inclusive species within the family are given. The definitions and rules for entities and schema are as in QUERY #1. Permissible terms vary.

• Permissible Entity terms
  Entity 1: (i) Formal species-group names of family A-idae; (ii) Common names, non-formal names for species of of family A-idae.
  Entity 2: (i) Formal species-group names of X-us-X(1+n); (ii) Common names, non-formal names of X-us-X(1+n).
  Entity 2 names can also be modified adjectively through plant attributes, either as (i) vernacular, plant attributes (e.g., flowers, pollen, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, bark, etc.); or (ii) anatomical, technical (e.g., parenchyma, xylem, phloem); such that, the following Entity 2 phase would ensue: flowers of Eremophila freelingii.

• Event diagnostic for QUERY #5
  The possible outputs for this query are: (i) bug family X is associated with plant species Xa,b.., Ya,.., Za..; (ii) bug species Aa, Ab, Ac... feed on/associated with plant species Xa,b.., Ya,.., Za. Results from (i) and (ii) may be singular or multiple for both entities, as in QUERY 3.

• Storyboard of QUERY #5
  Examplar: The bug family Acanthosomatidae has what host plant associations?
  Background: Acanthosomatidae is a cosmopolitan family of bugs that is found mostly in temperate habitats within Australia, and comprises, <75 described and undescribed species in Australia.
  

• Query output: What plant species are members of the heteropteran family Acanthosomatidae found on?
  AFD/NSL:
  Four species of Acanthosomatidae have plant associations as found in the literature:
  1. Acanthosomatidae: Duadicus pallidus x Casuarinaceae: Allocasuarina muelleriana
  2. Acanthosomatidae: Duadicus pallidus x Myrtaceae: Leptospermum coriaceum
  3. Acanthosomatidae: Duadicus pallidus x Myrtaceae: Leptospermum myrsinoides
  4. Acanthosomatidae: Eupolemus angularis x Myrtaceae: Leptospermum sp.
  5. Acanthosomatidae: Eupolemus marginatus x Proteaceae: Hakea sericea
  6. Acanthosomatidae: Eupolemus virescens x Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus pauciflora
  PBI: There are no digitised specimen records of Acanthosomatidae presently available.

• QUERY #5 Storyboard Remarks
  The remarks of QUERY #3 are pertinent in the conceptual sense to this query.

QUERY #6: What heteropteran species are associated with plant family X-ceae?

• Query methodology
  What Heteropteran species [Entity 1(1+n)] are associated [Event] with plant family X-ceae [Entity 2(1+n)]?
  The operational framework for this query is a modification of QUERY #2, this is a multi-taxon query for both entities. This involves an all heteropteran species [Entity 1] query, accounting for all the included species (valid names only) and all species within a particular plant family (X) [Entity 2]. Both entities have their associated hierarchies, in this case family-group names.
  The definitions and rules for entities and schema are as in QUERY #3.

• Permissible Entity terms
  Entity 1: (i) Formal species-group; (ii) Common names, non-formal names.
  Entity 2: (i) Formal species-group names of X-us-X(1+n) within plant family X-ceae; (ii) Common names, non-formal names of X-us-X(1+n) within plant family X-ceae.

• Event diagnostic for QUERY #6
  The possible outputs for this query are: (i) bug species A-us-.A(1+n) are associated with plant family X-ceae; (ii) bug species A-us-.A(1+n) are associated with plant species X-us-.X(1+n); (iii) bug species Aa feeds on/associated with plant species X-us-.X(1+n). Results from (i) and (iii) may be singular or multiple for both entities, with a single species of bug associated with a single or multiple plant species, and conversely, a single plant species may have multiple bug species. For (ii) bugs can be singular or multiple, and plants are a single family.

• Storyboard of QUERY #6
  Examplar: What bugs species are found on the plant family Chloanthaceae?
  Background: Chloanthaceae are a cosmopolitan family ***.
  
• Query output: What heteropteran species are found on the plant family Chloanthaceae.
  AFD/NSL:
  No heteropteran literature based records were found for the plant family Chloanthaceae.
  PBI:
  333 heteropteran specimen records for the Chloanthaceae plant family were found as follows:
  1. Tingidae: Inoma silveirae x Chloanthaceae: Newcastelia cephalantha
  2. Miridae: Wallabicoris cassisi x Chloanthaceae: Newcastelia insignis
  3. Miridae: Wallabicoris pityoridi x Chloanthaceae: Cyanostegia angustifolia
  4. Miridae: Wallabicoris nexcastelii x Chloanthaceae: Newcastelia viscida

• QUERY #6 Storyboard Remarks
  The remarks of QUERY #4 are pertinent to this query.

QUERY #7: What stage of heteropteran species A-us are feeding/associated with plant species X-us?

• Query methodology
  What life stage(s) (larva[=nymph], adult) of heteropteran species A-us [Entity 1)] are associated/feeds on [Event] plant species X-us [Entity 2]
  The operational framework for this query is differentiated from above queries, in that it is a single taxon based query for both entities. It is an assessment of what life stages of a single heteropteran species [Entity 1] are found on a single plant species [Entity 2]. Both entities have their associated hierarchies, in this case family-group names, inclusive of infrafamilial categories above the genus level (e.g., subfamily, tribe). The definitions and rules for entities and schema are as in QUERY #1.

• Permissible Entity terms
  Entity 1: (i) Common names, non-formal names (ii) Formal taxonomic, specific, binomial and supraspecific taxon name(s) (e.g., Inoma arrernte, family Tingidae). These can also be expressed adjectively through heteropteran life stages and adult sex, as (i) egg (i.e., breeding or ovipositional host); (ii) larva(e) or nymph(s) or instars (I-V); (iii) male or female adults.
  Entity 2: (i) Common names, non-formal names (e.g., emu bush); (ii) Formal taxonomic, specific, binomial and supraspecific taxon name(s) (e.g., Eremophila freelingii, family Scrophulariaceae).
  These can also be expressed adjectively through plant attributes, either as (i) Vernacular, plant attributes (e.g., flowers, pollen, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, bark, etc.); or (ii) Anatomical, technical (e.g., parenchyma, xylem, phloem). E.g., Male of Inoma arrernte associated with flowers of Eremophila freelingii.

• Event diagnostic for QUERY #7
  The possible outputs for this query are: (i) egg of bug species A-us is associated with plant species X-us; (ii) larva of bug species A-us is associated with plant species X-us; (iii) male of bug species A-us is associated with plant species X-us; (iv) female of bug species A-us is associated with plant species X-us. Results can be singular or multiples based on specimen records and life stage, garnered either from the literature or specimen records.

• Storyboard of QUERY #7
  Examplar: What life stages of Inoma arrernte are associated with Anemocarpa saxatilis?
  Background: Inoma is an Australian endemic lacebug genus that is found in temperate and arid Australia, and comprises, eight described species, and three undescribed species.
  

• Query output:
  PBI:
  All but eggs of Inoma arrernte have been found on Anemocarpa saxatilis as follows:
  1. 7 larvae - Tingidae: Inoma arrernte x Asteraceae: Anemocarpa saxatilis
  2. 6 Females - Tingidae: Inoma arrernte x Asteraceae: Anemocarpa saxatilis
  3. 3 Males - Tingidae: Inoma arrernte x Asteraceae: Anemocarpa saxatilis

• QUERY #7 Storyboard Remarks

  All feeding life stages of Inoma arrernte were found on Anemocarpa saxatilis, with multiple specimens, which would allow us to transform, the association to a Associate:Consumer:Herbivore category.

  This query could be modified by the following:

  1) geographic location as well, to determine if these individuals of both heteropteran and plant were co-located, which, if so, would increase our confidence in designating Inoma arrernte as a herbivore;
  2) what life stages of the plant were they associated with; e.g., flowers of Anemocarpa saxatilis.

QUERY #8: Where is the species interaction of heteropteran species X-us-plant species Y-us found

• Query #8 methodology
  The species interaction [Event] of Heteropteran species A-us [Entity 1] -- plant species X-us [Entity 2] is found where?
  The operational framework for this query focuses on the distribution of the interaction [Event] of Heteropteran species X [Entity 1] and plant species Y [Entity 2]? It is an assessment of the point location(s) of the interaction of a single heteropteran species [Entity 1] are found on a single plant species [Entity 2].
  This is built in the first instance on the taxon methodology of Queries #1 and #2, where both heteropteran and plant species are known, and the interaction is known. This query is differentiated from above queries, in that it is a single taxon based query for both entities. The definitions and rules for entities and schema are as in QUERY #1.

• Permissible Entity terms
  Entity 1: (i) Common names, non-formal names (ii) Formal taxonomic, specific, binomial and supraspecific taxon name(s) (e.g., Inoma arrernte, family Tingidae).
  Entity 2: (i) Common names, non-formal names (e.g., emu bush); (ii) Formal taxonomic, specific, binomial and supraspecific taxon name(s) (e.g., Eremophila freelingii, family Scrophulariaceae).

• Event diagnostic for QUERY #8
  The possible outputs for this query are: (i) spatial data across all specimen based records; (ii) spatial data from literature/bibliographic sources; (iii) distributional ranges of Entities 1 and 2, to allow for comparison of ranges, distributional overlap and any spatial disjunction, or nesting within bioregionalisation schemes, such as IBRA.

• Storyboard of QUERY #8
  Examplar: What is the spatial distribution of the Inoma arrernte-Anemocarpa saxatilis species interaction?
  Background: Inoma is an Australian endemic lacebug genus that is found in temperate and arid Australia, and comprises, eight described species, and three undescribed species.

• Query output:
  PBI:
  1) Tingidae: Inoma arrernte x Asteraceae: Anemocarpa saxatilis: Northern Territory, 33 km E of Alice Springs on Ross Highway, -23.73335 134.1536.
  

• QUERY #8 Storyboard remarks
  The spatial distribution of interactions is likely to be limited in the number of point locations/interaction.
  However, there is concerned more broadly with distributional range of A-us and X-us independent of the interaction. The later is an item of interest as the full range of both species: (i) may or may not overlap; (ii) area of overlap may be predictive of the interaction; (iii) area of non-overlap may be predictive of alternative hosts, either phylogenetically proximate otherwise, and if the later, then predictive of a host-switching event.