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Grammonus diagrammus (Heller and Snodgrass, 1903)
PURPLE BROTULA
Life   Vertebrata   Fish   Bythitidae   Grammonus

Grammonus diagrammus
© Copyright Gerald Allen, 2006 · 0
Grammonus diagrammus

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Grammonus diagrammus
© Copyright Photographer/SFTEP, 2002 · 0
Grammonus diagrammus
Grammonus diagrammus
© Copyright Gerald Allen, 2006 · 0
Grammonus diagrammus
español

Overview
Main identification features
  • all blackish
  • ll: 2 overlapping parts
  • c: pointed, confluent with dorsal fin and a
  • pelvic - 1 filament under operculum
Dorsal rays 95-115; anal rays 76-91; pectoral rays 24-29; pelvic fins below rear part of head, each consisting of a single filamentous ray; dorsal and anal fins confluent with pointed tail; palate teeth absent; operculum with 1 short spine; preoperculum with 2 teeth; body covered with small scales, about 100-115 in midlateral series, head partly scaleless; scattered papillae on head; origin of dorsal fin above middle part of pectoral fins; lateral line in 2 parts overlapping.

Dark purplish to nearly black, including fins.

Size: grows to about 20 cm.

Inhabits rocky crevices.

Depth: 5-20 m.

Southern California to the central Gulf of California to Ecuador, the Revillagigedos and Galapagos.


Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo).
Depth Range Max: 20 m.
Depth Range Min: 5 m.
Diet: mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs); bony fishes.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=33; Southern limit=-2; Western limit=-118; Eastern limit=-78; Latitudinal range=35; Longitudinal range=40.
Egg Type: Live birth; Pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Carnivore.
FishBase Habitat: Reef Associated.
Global Endemism: Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) endemic; East Pacific endemic; All species.
Habitat: Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom); Rocks; Reef (rock &/or coral); Reef only.
Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only.
IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed.
Length Max: 20 cm.
Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); TEP endemic; All species.
Residency: Resident.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Bottom; Bottom only;


Names
Scientific source:

Links to other sites

References
  • Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
  • Cohen, D.M., 1964., A review of the ophidioid fish genus Oligopus with the description of a new species from the West Africa., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 116:1-22.
  • Eschmeyer , W. N. , Herald , E. S. and Hamman, H., 1983., A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Peterson Field Guide Ser. 28., Houghton Mifflin:336pp.
  • Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo .  Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
  • Galván-Magaña, F., Gutiérrez-Sánchez, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., 2000., The distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the Baja California Sur lagoons. In Aquatic Ecosystems of Mexico: Status and Scope. Eds. M. Manuwar, S.G. Lawrence, I.F. Manuwar & D.F. Malley. Ecovision World Monograph Series., Backhuys Publishers:383-398.
  • Heller , E. and Snodgrass, R.E., 1903., Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898-1899. XV. New fishes., Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5:189-229.
  • Lopez , M. I. and Bussing, W. A., 1982., Lista provisional de los peces marinos de la Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 30(1):5-26.
  • Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
  • Snodgrass , R. E. and Heller, E., 1905., Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898-1899. XVII. Shorefishes of the Revillagigedo, Clipperton, Cocos and Galapagos Island., Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6:333-427.
  • Thomson , D.A. , Findley , L.T. and Kerstitch, A.N., 2000., Reef fishes of the Sea of Cortez., University of Texas Press(Revised Ed.):353.
  • Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
  • Villareal-Cavazos, A., Reyes-Bonilla, H., Bermúdez-Almada, B. and Arizpe-Covarrubias, O., 2000., Los peces del arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, Golfo de California, México: Lista sistemática y aspectos de abundancia y biogeografía., Rev. Biol. Trop., 48:413-424.

Acknowledgements

I thank Ashley MacDonald and John Pickering, University of Georgia, for technical support in building this page.


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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Grammonus&speciesname=diagrammus ---> http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Grammonus&speciesname=diagrammus
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Grammonus diagrammus, Purple brotula
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Common name (e.g. trout)

Genus + Species (e.g. Gadus morhua)

Grammonus diagrammus ( Heller & Snodgrass , 1903 )

Purple brotula Add your observation in Fish Watcher
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This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Grammonus diagrammus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Pictures | Google image Image of Grammonus diagrammus (Purple brotula) Grammonus diagrammus
Picture by Allen, G.R.

Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes( genus , species ) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei (teleosts) > Ophidiiformes (Cusk eels) > Bythitidae (Livebearing brotulas)
Etymology: Grammonus: Greek, gramma = signal, mark + Greek, onos = hake .

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Marine; reef-associated; depth range 6 - 18 m (Ref. 36488 ). Subtropical

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Eastern Pacific: San Clemente Island in south California, USA to Panama and the Galapagos Islands.

Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L m   ?   range ? - ? cm
Max length : 20.3 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 4930 )

Short description Morphology | Morphometrics

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 95-115; Anal spines : 0; Anal soft rays : 75 - 91; Vertebrae : 60 - 63. Branchiostegal rays: 8 (Ref. 36488 ).

Biology     Glossary (e.g. epibenthic)

Uncommon species (Ref. 34024 ). Inhabits rocky areas of shallow waters (Ref. 2850 ). Hides in dark caverns and crevices during the day, active at night (Ref. 2850 ). Gives birth to live young (Ref. 28023 ).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Ovoviviparous (Ref. 36488 ).

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Nielsen, J.G., D.M. Cohen, D.F. Markle and C.R. Robins , 1999. Ophidiiform fishes of the world (Order Ophidiiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of pearlfishes, cusk-eels, brotulas and other ophidiiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(18):178p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 34024 )

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435 )

  Least Concern (LC)  ; Date assessed: 29 April 2008

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361 )

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Harmless





Human uses

Fisheries: of no interest FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

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Summary page | Point data | Common names | Photos

Internet sources

AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes : genus , species | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: genome , nucleotide | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: Go , Search | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201 ): 21.3 - 29.1, mean 26.7 °C (based on 204 cells). Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804 ):  PD 50 = 0.5005   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00457 (0.00179 - 0.01169), b=3.10 (2.87 - 3.33), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245 ). Trophic level (Ref. 69278 ):  3.5   ±0.50 se; based on food items. Resilience (Ref. 120179 ):  High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.). Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153 ):  Low vulnerability (10 of 100). Nutrients (Ref. 124155 ):  Calcium = 52.9 [24.3, 133.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.662 [0.352, 1.248] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [15, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.163 [0.086, 0.306] g/100g; Selenium = 12 [5, 30] μg/100g; VitaminA = 67.1 [20.4, 228.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.994 [0.611, 1.562] mg/100g (wet weight);

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