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Overview |
Main identification features
- nose stripe pale grey
- point of black scythe does not reach base of dorsal fin spines
- upper back and base of dorsal fin yellow
Northern Scythe butterflyfish, Northern Scythe-marked butterflyfish
Dorsal rays XIII, fin triangular, with front spines longest, 19-20, membranes between anterior dorsal spines deeply incised; anal rays III,14-16; pectoral rays 13-14; lateral-line scales 40-47; second anal spine very elongate, usually longer than pelvic fin length; snout produced, somewhat tubular.
Generally yellow with prominent black scythe-like marking on side, also a black diagonal band from snout to dorsal fin origin.
Very similar to P. carlhubbsi, which is found in the southern part of our region. The color patterns of P falcifer and P carlhubbsi differ as follows: 1. the dark band along the snout is black in P. carlhubbsi and pale grey in P. falcifer; 2. the black scythe mark reaches the base of the dorsal fin spines in P. carlhubbsi but ends well under those spines in P. falcifer; 3. the upper back and base of the dorsal fin are grayish in P. carlhubbsi and yellow in P. falcifer.
Size: grows to 17 cm.
Habitat: usually seen alone or in small groups on rocky reefs.
Depth range 3-270 m
Southern California to the SW Gulf of California and the Revillagigedo Islands.
Attributes
Abundance: Common.
Cites: Not listed.
Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap).
Depth Range Max: 270 m.
Depth Range Min: 3 m.
Diet: sessile worms; sessile molluscs; mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs); sessile crustacea; sea-stars/cucumbers/urchins.
Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=35; Southern limit=19; Western limit=-120; Eastern limit=-110; Latitudinal range=16; Longitudinal range=10.
Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva.
Feeding Group: Carnivore.
FishBase Habitat: Reef Associated.
Global Endemism: Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) endemic; East Pacific endemic; All species.
Habitat: Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom); Rocks; Reef (rock &/or coral); Reef only.
Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only.
IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed.
Length Max: 17 cm.
Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); TEP endemic; All species.
Residency: Resident.
Salinity: Marine; Marine Only.
Water Column Position: Bottom; Near Bottom; Bottom + water column;
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Names | |
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Links to other sites | |
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References |
- Almenara Roldán, S. C., 2000., Demanda internacional en el manejo de especies marinas de ornato. En Aburto Oropeza, O. y C. A. Sánchez Ortiz (Eds.). Recursos arrecifales del Golfo de California, estrategias de manejo para las especies marinas de ornato., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:30-38.
- Castro-Aguirre, J.L. and Balart, E.F., 2002., La ictiofauna de las islas Revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas, con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:153-170.
- De la Cruz , J. , Galvan , F. , Abitia , L. A. , Rodriguez , J. and Gutierrez, F. J., 1994., Lista sistematica de los peces marinos de Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico). Systematic List of marine fishes from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico)., Ciencias Marinas, 20:17-31.
- Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
- Galván-Magaña, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., Pérez-España, H., Chávez-Ramos, H., 1996., Systematics list of the fishes from Cerralvo island, Baja California Sur, Mexico., Ciencias Marinas, 22:295-311.
- Galván-Magaña, F., Gutiérrez-Sánchez, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., 2000., The distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the Baja California Sur lagoons. In Aquatic Ecosystems of Mexico: Status and Scope. Eds. M. Manuwar, S.G. Lawrence, I.F. Manuwar & D.F. Malley. Ecovision World Monograph Series., Backhuys Publishers:383-398.
- Gotshall, D.W., 1996., Fishes of Rocas Alijos. In Rocas Alijos. Ed. R. W. Schmieder. Cornell Expeditions., Kluwer Academic Publishers: 347-354.
- Hubbs , C.L.and Rechnitzer, A.B., 1958., A new fish, Chaetodon falcifer, from Guadalupe Island, Baja California, with notes on related species., Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 29(8):273-313.
- Humann, P., 1993., Reef Fish Identification: Galapagos., New World Publishing:192pp.
- Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
- Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
- McCosker , J.E. , Merlen , G. , Long , D.J. , Gilmore , R.G. and Villon, C., 1997., Deepslope fishes collected during the 1995 eruption of isla Fernandina, Galapagos., Charles Darwin Foundation, Noticias de Galápagos., 58:22-26.
- Nalbant, T.T., 1995., The genus Prognathodes (Pisces: Chaetodontidae) in eastern Pacific Ocean (Baja California -- Galápagos) with a discussion on the phylogeny of the group., Trav. Mus. Hist. Nat. 'Grigore Antipa', 1995:497-526.
- Pondella II, D.J., Gintert, B.E., Cobb, J.R., Allen, L.G., 2005., Biogeography of the nearshore rocky-reef fishes at the southern and Baja California islands., Journal of Biogeography, 32:187-201.
- Rubio, E.A., 1988., Estudio taxonomico de la ictiofauna acompañante del camaron en areas costeras del Pacifico de Colombia., Memorias del VI Seminario Nacional de las Ciencias del Mar. Comisión Colombiana de Oceanografía. Bogota, Colombia., :169-183.
- Thomson , D.A. , Findley , L.T. and Kerstitch, A.N., 2000., Reef fishes of the Sea of Cortez., University of Texas Press(Revised Ed.):353.
- Villareal-Cavazos, A., Reyes-Bonilla, H., Bermúdez-Almada, B. and Arizpe-Covarrubias, O., 2000., Los peces del arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, Golfo de California, México: Lista sistemática y aspectos de abundancia y biogeografía., Rev. Biol. Trop., 48:413-424.
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Acknowledgements | |
I thank Ashley MacDonald and John Pickering, University of Georgia, for technical support in building this page.
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http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Prognathodes&speciesname=falcifer ---> http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Prognathodes&speciesname=falcifer
http://192.134.151.83/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Prognathodes&speciesname=falcifer ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Prognathodes&speciesname=falcifer
https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Prognathodes&speciesname=falcifer ---> https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/summary/Prognathodes-falcifer.html
Prognathodes falcifer, Scythemarked butterflyfish : aquarium
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Prognathodes falcifer
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Gotshall, D.W.
Teleostei (teleosts) >
Acanthuriformes
(Surgeonfishes) >
Chaetodontidae
(Butterflyfishes)
Etymology:
Prognathodes:
Greek, pro = first, in front of + Greek, gnathos = jaw (Ref.
45335
)
;
falcifer:
Chaetodon
meaning bristle tooth,
falcifer
meaning scythe-bearer (Ref.
4930
)
.
More on authors:
Hubbs
&
Rechnitzer
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; reef-associated; depth range 10 - 150 m. Subtropical
Eastern Pacific: Santa Catalina Island, southern California, USA to Peru, including the Galapagos Islands.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
?
range ? - ? cm
Max length : 15.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
9286
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 12;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 19-20;
Anal
spines
: 3;
Anal
soft rays
: 14 - 16
Usually solitary. Found in rocky, boulder strewn areas (Ref.
5227
). Close relatives are known to pinch off and eat tube feet of sea urchins and other echinoderms. Also feed on crustaceans, worms and other small invertebrates (Ref.
4930
). Because they live in relatively deeper waters, they are seldom collected, thus, rarely seen in the aquarium trade (Ref.
4930
). Oviparous (Ref.
205
). Form pairs during breeding (Ref.
205
).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Form pairs during breeding (Ref.
205
).
Allen, G.R.
, 1985. Butterfly and angelfishes of the world. Vol. 2. 3rd edit. in English. Mergus Publishers, Melle, Germany. (Ref.
4858
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Least Concern (LC)
; Date assessed:
06 October 2009
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Aquarium: commercial
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 14.2 - 22.9, mean 16.9 °C (based on 40 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02239 (0.01117 - 0.04486), b=3.02 (2.85 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.3 ±0.34 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 64.6 [28.6, 132.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.852 [0.454, 1.592] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [18.0, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.213 [0.111, 0.406] g/100g; Selenium = 21 [9, 45] μg/100g; VitaminA = 29.5 [6.8, 126.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.963 [0.587, 1.498] mg/100g (wet weight);
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Updated: 2024-06-16 07:50:06 gmt
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