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Adult elongate, compressed (deeper in juveniles); body soft, flabby; fatty ring around moderate eye; operculum thin, with 2 short spines; mouth small, at front; jaw teeth small, conical, 1 row, adult lower jaw with long knife-like teeth; 2 dorsal fins, XI-XII + I, 26-35; can fold into groove; 1st dorsal origin over or before pectoral base; anal III, 27-31; pectorals short, rounded, 18-20 rays, lengthen with age; tail forked, rounded tips; pelvic inserted before or under pectoral; lateral line high along back; branched mucous canal along length of flank; scales very small, 115-125 on lateral line; bases of dorsal and anal with scaly sheath; scales extend forward onto nape as a tongue-shaped patch reaching between eyes.
Adult: dark brown to purplish-black, dark blue eye, bases of median fins translucent; juvenile: translucent, with irregular brown spotting, dark 1st dorsal fin.
Size: 80 cm.
Habitat: oceanic, young around jellyfishes.
Depth: 0-1000 m.
Circumtropical; Southern California to Peru, the Galapagos and Malpelo.
Attributes Abundance: Common. Cites: Not listed. Climate Zone: Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ). Depth Range Max: 1000 m. Depth Range Min: 0 m. Diet: bony fishes; pelagic jellyfish/ctenophores; zooplankton; pelagic fish larvae. Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=34; Southern limit=-9; Western limit=-119; Eastern limit=-78; Latitudinal range=43; Longitudinal range=41. Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva. Feeding Group: Carnivore; Planktivore. FishBase Habitat: Bathypelagic. Global Endemism: Circumtropical ( Indian + Pacific + Atlantic Oceans); East Pacific + Atlantic (East +/or West); Transisthmian (East Pacific + Atlantic of Central America); East Pacific + all Atlantic (East+West); TEP non-endemic; All species. Habitat: Water column; Flotsam; Jellyfish. Inshore Offshore: Offshore; Offshore Only. IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed. Length Max: 80 cm. Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species. Residency: Vagrant. Salinity: Marine; Marine Only. Water Column Position: Mid Water; Near Surface; Surface; Water column only;
Ahlstrom , E. H. , Butler , J. L..and Sumida, B. Y., 1976., Pelagic stromateoid fishes (Pisces, Perciformes) of the eastern Pacific: Kinds, distributions and early life histories and observations on five of these from the northwest Atlantic., Bull. Mar. Sci., 26:285-402.
Eschmeyer , W. N. , Herald , E. S. and Hamman, H., 1983., A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Peterson Field Guide Ser. 28., Houghton Mifflin:336pp.
Grove , J.S. and Lavenberg, R. J., 1997., The fishes of the Galápagos islands., Stanford University Press:863 pp.
Günther, A., 1889., Report on the pelagic fishes collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-76., Rep. Sci. Res. Voy. H.M.S. Challenger, 31:1-47.
Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
Lütken,., 1880., Spolia Atlantica. Bidrag til Kundskab om Formforandringer hos Fiske under deres Vaext og Udvikling, saerligt hos nogle af Atlanterhavets Ho{/jso{/fiske., Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. Kjo{/benhavn (Ser. 5), 12:409-613.
Oceanic species (Ref.
6891
). Associated with jellyfish (Ref.
7251
) and floating weed patches (Ref.
6891
). Large adults may be benthic on continental slopes (Ref.
6891
). Feeds on zooplankton and small pelagic fishes (Ref.
4777
).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 0.9 - 19.3, mean 12.9 °C (based on 181 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5313 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01995 (0.00906 - 0.04395), b=3.01 (2.83 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.9 ±0.53 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (Assuming tmax>10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Unknown
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 9.86 [2.22, 44.89] mg/100g; Iron = 0.366 [0.106, 1.178] mg/100g; Protein = 3.28 [0.00, 7.24] %; Omega3 = 0.173 [0.054, 0.568] g/100g; Selenium = 12.8 [3.0, 54.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.6 [1.8, 139.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.308 [0.128, 0.815] mg/100g (wet weight);
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