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Lithognathus lithognathus, White steenbras : fisheries, gamefish
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Lithognathus lithognathus
Picture by
FAO
Teleostei (teleosts) >
Eupercaria/misc
(Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sparidae
(Porgies)
Etymology:
Lithognathus:
Greek, lithos = stone + Greek, gnathos = jaw (Ref.
45335
)
.
More on author:
Cuvier
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; benthopelagic; amphidromous (Ref.
51243
); depth range ? - 150 m (Ref.
27121
). Subtropical; 22°S - 31°S
Southeast Atlantic: known only from the Orange River mouth to Natal, South Africa.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
54.0
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 200 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
3198
); common length : 65.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
3507
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 11;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 10;
Anal
spines
: 3;
Anal
soft rays
: 8. Silvery in color, crossbars fade with age.
Found over sandy substrate, in estuaries and oceanic waters. Enters lagoons (Ref.
3198
). Feeds bottom invertebrates, including worms, crabs and shrimp (Ref.
27121
). Spawns in the sea but uses estuaries as nursery grounds. Prime angling fish. Important food fish. Sold fresh and whole in markets.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Bauchot, M.-L. and M.M. Smith
, 1984. Sparidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 4. [var. pag.] FAO, Rome. (Ref.
3507
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Endangered (EN)
(A2bcd; B2ab(ii,v)); Date assessed:
04 December 2009
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 12.5 - 24.1, mean 15.7 °C (based on 28 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01549 (0.00939 - 0.02556), b=3.04 (2.90 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.1 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 10.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (K=0.1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): High to very high vulnerability (72 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): Very high vulnerability (78 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Low
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 24.8 [12.9, 45.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.664 [0.364, 1.136] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [16.9, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.302 [0.191, 0.497] g/100g; Selenium = 45.7 [21.7, 85.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.95 [2.03, 19.38] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.722 [0.505, 1.031] mg/100g (wet weight);
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