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Himantura undulata, Leopard whipray : fisheries
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Himantura undulata
Picture by
Devarapalli, P.
Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes
(Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae
(Stingrays) > Urogymninae
Etymology:
Himantura:
Greek, iman, imantos = thong, strap + Greek, oura = tail (Ref.
45335
)
.
More on author:
Bleeker
.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal. Tropical; 30°N - 24°S
Indo-West Pacific: Bay of Bengal to New Guinea, north to the Ryukyu Islands, south to northern Australia. Not occurring in the western Indian Ocean.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
87.5
, range 85 - 90 cm
Max length : 410 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
9840
)
Demersal on soft substrate inshore (Ref.58048). Ovoviviparous (Ref.
50449
). Size at birth about 20 cm WD and 92 cm TL (Ref.
90102
). Caught occasionally in the demersal tangle net, bottom trawl and longline fisheries. Utilized for its meat, skin (high value) and cartilage (Ref.58048).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref.
50449
). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref.
205
). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref.
205
).
Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens
, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref.
6871
)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref.
130435
)
Endangered (EN)
(A2d); Date assessed:
06 May 2020
CITES
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Venomous
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial
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Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 25 - 29, mean 28.3 °C (based on 810 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00832 (0.00366 - 0.01891), b=3.10 (2.90 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.6 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Low
.
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