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Identification Summary: Large; overall aspect similar to L. rohweri; pits on scutum widely spaced; tergites often with a bit of a metallic green sheen in good clean, fresh specimens; T1 fan widely open at the top; the pattern of striations and raised lines on the sides of the propodeal triangle are distinctive but hard to describe in words.
Reprinted with permission from: Mitchell, T.B. 1960 Bees of the Eastern United States. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin No. 141.
FEMALE�Length 6 mm.; head and thorax metallic green, abdominal terga metallic green medially, but becoming more or less bluish laterally and across center of discs, apical margins more or less reddish-hyaline; pubescence short, thin, entirely yellowish-white; head very slightly broader than long; clypeus broadly convex, projecting about one-half below suborbital line; supraclypeal area nearly as long as broad and only slightly shorter than clypeus; eyes slightly convergent below; lateral ocelli subequally distant from eyes and each other; cheeks considerably broader than eyes; face below ocelli rather dull, punctures deep and distinct, but rather fine and quite close, becoming minute, irregular and more sparse on shining vertex; cheeks somewhat shining above, punctures minute and obscure, rather close, becoming minutely and rather obscurely striate posteriorly, but quite smooth below; hypostomal carinae parallel, apical angle broadly rounded; lower half of face rather dull, punctures quite deep and distinct, rather sparse except narrowly along inner orbits laterad of antennae, those on supraclypeal area fine and very sparse, those on clypeus fine and sparse along upper margin, becoming somewhat more deep and distinct but irregularly scattered and very sparse apically, apical half blackened; scutum and scutellum rather dull, very finely tessellate, punctures rather deep and distinct but fine and sparse even between notaulices and tegulae (fig. 99); pleura rather dull, subrugose above and anteriorly, becoming somewhat smoother posteriorly; dorsal area of propodeum rather coarsely striate, the median striae not quite complete, posterior margin rounded and smooth, lateral faces quite smooth, finely roughened and rather dull; wings hyaline, veins and stigma yellowish; tegulae brownish-piceous, becoming narrowly hyaline anteriorly; legs piceous basally, becoming more brownish medially and paler testaceous apically; abdominal terga shining, basal tergum with a few, exceedingly minute, scattered punctures, otherwise impunctate, tergum 2 with mom regular and close but exceedingly fine punctures across base, tergum 3 more fully and somewhat more deeply punctate, apical margins of terga rather broadly and shallowly impressed apically, this area more reddish, becoming narrowly yellowish-hyaline apically, terga 3 and 4 with a rather thin covering of pale tomentum which to some degree obscures the surface.
MALE�Length 6 mm.; head and thorax green, with bronzy or bluish reflections, abdomen blackish, with rather strong green or bluish metallic reflections; pubescence short, thin, entirely yellowish-white, rather dense on face and cheeks; head slightly broader than long; clypeus rather narrow, only slightly protuberant, projecting about one-half below suborbital line; supraclypeal area about as long as broad, considerably shorter than clypeus; eyes strongly convergent below; lateral ocelli very slightly nearer eyes than to each other; antennae subequally distant from eyes and each other, basal segment of flagellum about as broad as long, slightly longer than pedicel, 2nd and following segments about twice as long as broad, dark brownish beneath, more piceous above; mandibles and labrum dark; cheeks somewhat narrower than eyes; face below ocelli dull, punctures rather deep and distinct but very fine and close, almost rugose, becoming more minute and rather widely separated on the shining vertex; cheeks above somewhat shining, punctures rather close but very minute and obscure, becoming rather definitely striate posteriorly and toward lower surface, but the latter rather smooth and somewhat shining; hypostomal carinae subparallel; lower half of face quite closely, finely and deeply punctate beneath rather dense pubescence, supraclypeal area dull, relatively bare, with minute and quite sparse punctures, clypeus very finely and quite closely punctate above, becoming slightly more coarsely and sparsely punctate apically; scutum and scutellum somewhat shining, punctures rather deep and distinct but very sparse over most of discs and quite sparse between notaulices and tegulae; pleura dull, rather finely reticulate anteriorly, becoming finely rugose below wing bases and more finely rugoso-striate below; dorsal area of propodeum coarsely rugoso-striate medially, becoming more regularly striate laterally, hind margin quite abrupt, lateral faces dull, finely and irregularly rugoso-striate; wings hyaline, veins and stigma yellowish-testaceous; tegulae brownish piceous, becoming rather broadly yellowishhyaline anteriorly; basal portions of legs piceous, the tarsi pale testaceous; abdominal terga shining, basal tergum with scattered and exceedingly minute punctures, 2 and 3 more deeply and distinctly punctate across discs, but the apical third impressed and impunctate, this area becoming gradually whitish hyaline to rims, and apical terga fully extends, without pale tomentum; apical margin of sternum 5 nearly straight; sternum 7 much as in zephyrus (fig. 101), retrorse lobe of genital armature small, well covered with minute pubescence, gonostylus as shown (fig. 102).
DISTRIBUTION�Minnesota to Newfoundland, south to Georgia; April to October.
FLOWER RECORDS�Antennaria, Apocynum, Baptisia, Barbarea, Ceanothus, Chrysanthemum, Fagopyrum, Hydrangea, Krigia, Melilotus, Polygonum, Rhus, Rudbeckia, Solidago, Spiraea and Taraxacum.
Retrieved from: Gibbs, J. 2010. Revision of the metallic species of Lasioglossum (Dialictus)in Canada (Hymenoptera, Halictidae, Halictini). Zootaxa; 2591, 180-184
Halictus lineatulus Crawford 1906: 5. ♀.
Holotype. ♀ USA, Michigan, Ag. Coll., 5 October 1893 [10 May 1893] (R.H. Wolcott); [NMNH: 12071]. Examined.
Halictus subconnexus Ellis 1915: 291. ♀.
Holotype. Unknown.
Halictus (Chloralictus) latus Sandhouse, 1924: 20. ♀. [new synonymy]
Holotype. ♀ USA, Colorado, Colorado Springs, 20.iv., on willow (W.P. Cockerell), [NMNH: 26414]. Examined.
Halictus (Chloralictus) unicus Sandhouse, 1924: 21. ♀.
Holotype. ♀ USA, Iowa, Seven miles east of Vinton, 29.vi.1922 (G. Sandhouse), [NMNH: 26415]. Examined.
Taxonomy. Michener, 1951: Lasioglossum (Chloralictus) latum, p. 1114, L. (C.) lineatulum, p. 1114 (catalogue,
Timberlake synonymy); Mitchell, 1960: Dialictus lineatulus ♀♂, p. 403, D. unicus ♀♂, p. 425 (redescription);
Krombein, 1967: Lasioglossum (Dialictus) lineatulum, p. 464, L. (D.) unicum, p. 466 (catalogue);
Hurd, 1979: Dialictus latus, p. 1967, D. lineatulus, p. 1968, D. unicus, p. 1972 (catalogue); Moure & Hurd,
1987: Dialictus latus, p. 110, D. lineatulus, p. 110, D. unicus, p. 136 (catalogue).
Diagnosis. Both sexes of L. lineatulum and L. novascotiae can be distinguished from other Canadian
Dialictus by the sparse punctation of the mesoscutum including lateral portions (Figs. 8A, 137D), weakly
rugose mesepisternum and weak oblique propodeal carina. Female L. lineatulum can be recognised by the
round head (length/width ratio = 0.92�0.93), smooth dorsolateral slopes of propodeum (Fig. 41A, 137E) and
faint metallic reflections on metasomal terga. Female L. novascotiae have a longer head (length/width ratio =
0.95�0.96), rugulose propodeal dorsolateral slopes (Fig. 41B, 153D) and blackish brown metasomal terga.
Male L. lineatulum can be recognised by the moderately dense plumose hairs across S2�S4 and laterally
on S5. Male L. novascotiae have subappressed plumose hairs limited to apicolateral portions of S3 and lateral
portions of S4�S5.
Redescription. FEMALE. Length 5.06�6.85 mm; head length 1.58�1.68 mm; head width 1.70�1.82 mm;
forewing length 4.27�4.88 mm.
Colouration. Head and mesosoma blue to pale green, sometimes with golden reflections. Clypeus with
apical half blackish brown and basal half, and supraclypeal area sometimes brassy. Antenna dark brown, flagellum
with ventral surface dark brown to orange-brown. Tegula amber to reddish brown. Wing membrane
subhyaline, venation and pterostigma pale honey-coloured. Legs brown, tibial bases, tarsi orange to reddish
brown, metabasitarsus infused with brown. Metasoma dark brown, terga with faint green reflections on disc,
apical margins reddish to translucent brownish yellow.
Pubescence. Dull white. Moderately dense. Head and mesosoma with moderately dense woolly hairs (1�
1.5 OD), longest on genal beard, metanotum and mesopleuron (2�2.5 OD). Propodeum with moderately dense plumose hairs on lateral and posterior surfaces (2�2.5 OD). Metasomal terga with sparse, fine setae. T1 acarinarial
fan with dorsal opening. T2 basolaterally and T3�T4 entirely with tomentum partially obscuring surface.
T2 apicolateral and T3�T4 apical margins with weak bands.
Surface sculpture. Face imbricate, punctation moderately strong. Clypeus polished, punctation sparse
(i=1�4d). Supraclypeal area with punctation moderately sparse (i=1�4d). Lower paraocular and antennocular
areas with punctation moderately dense (i=1�2d). Upper paraocular area and frons punctate-reticulate. Ocellocular
area minutely punctate (i=d). Gena and postgena lineolate. Mesoscutum imbricate, posterior area of
disc polished, punctation moderately strong, very sparse between parapsidal lines (i=1.5�5d), sparse laterad of
parapsidal lines and on anterolateral portions (i=1�3d). Mesoscutellum similar to mesoscutum, submedial
punctation sparse (i=2�5d). Axilla punctate. Metanotum imbricate. Pre�pisternum weakly rugose. Hypoepimeral
area rugulose. Mesepisternum dorsal portion weakly rugose, ventral portion rugulose-imbricate. Metepisternum
with dorsal half striate, ventral half imbricate. Metapostnotum incompletely, strongly striate, medial
striation distinct. Propodeum with dorsolateral slope imbricate-rugulose at posterior, lateral and posterior surfaces imbricate. Metasomal terga polished except basal and apical impressed areas faintly coriarious, punctation
on basal halves moderately sparse (i=1.5�2d), apical halves sparse or impunctate (except along
premarginal line).
Structure. Head wide (length/width ratio = 0.92�0.93). Eyes convergent below (UOD/LOD ratio = 1.18�
1.20). Clypeus 1/3 below suborbital tangent, apicolateral margins convergent. Antennal sockets close (IAD/
OAD < 0.5). Frontal line carinate, ending 2 OD below median ocellus. Gena as wide as eye. Inner metatibial
spur pectinate with 3�4 teeth. Metapostnotum moderately truncate (MMR ratio = 1.11�1.23), posterior margin
weakly angled onto posterior surface. Propodeum with oblique carina moderately strong, lateral carina nearly
reaching dorsal margin.
MALE. Similar to female except for the usual secondary sexual characters and as follows. Length 5.49�
6.10 mm; head length 1.54�1.67 mm; head width 1.56�1.72 mm; forewing length 4.33�4.58 mm.
Colouration. Tegula dark reddish brown. Wing membrane subhyaline, venation and pterostigma dark
amber. Tarsi orange to yellow.
Pubescence. Lower paraocular area with dense tomentum obscuring surface. Clypeus, and supraclypeal
area with scattered tomentum not obscuring surface. S2�S3 apical portions and S4�S5 lateral portions with
erect plumose hairs (1�1.5 OD).
Surface sculpture. Mesepisternum dorsal portion rugose. Metapostnotum coarsely and completely striate.
Propodeum with lateral and posterior surfaces rugose. Metasomal terga punctation distinct, apical impressed
area impunctate.
Structure. Head wide (length/width ratio = 0.94�0.97). Eyes strongly convergent below (UOD/LOD ratio
= 1.48�1.52). Clypeus � below suborbital tangent, apicolateral margins subparallel. Antennal sockets distant
(IAD/OAD > 1.1). Frontal line carinate, ending 1.5 OD below median ocellus. Pedicel subequal to F1. F2
length 1.6�1.8X F1. F2�F10 elongate (length/width ratio = 1.71�2.00). Metapostnotum moderately elongate
(MMR ratio = 1.08�1.20), posterior margin sharply angled onto posterior surface.
Terminalia. S7 with median lobe columnar, apex rounded (Fig. 138F). S8 with apicomedial margin
weakly convex (Fig. 138F). Genitalia as in Fig. 138D�E. Gonobase with ventral arms narrowly separated.
Gonostylus small, dorsal setae elongate. Retrorse lobes elongate, rounded apically.
Range. Nova Scotia west to Manitoba, south to North Carolina (Fig. 139).
Additional material examined. CANADA: ALBERTA: 1♀ 15 km S Three Hills, Hwy 21, N51.49484
W113.23214, 15.vi.2007 (Gibbs & Sheffield); MANITOBA: 2♀♀ YellowQuill Mxd. Grass Prairie Preserve,
near Treesbank, N49�41�28�� N099�34�29��, 6.vi.2005 (A.M. Patenaude); 1♀ YellowQuill Mxd. Grass Prairie
Preserve, near Treesbank, N49�40�51�� N099�33�15��, 25.vii.2005 (A.M. Patenaude); ONTARIO: 1♂ Huron
Co., Pinery P.P., 14�23.viii.2005 (A. Taylor); 2♀♀ Norfolk Co., Pterophylla Plant Nursery, N42�38.404�
W080�34.379�, 13�22.viii.2006 (P.J. Carson); 1♀ York University, N43.772 W079.497, 24.v.2006 (J. Gibbs);
QUEBEC: 1♀ Saint Catherine, N46.85073 W071.61597 (L. Packer); [PCYU]; SASKATCHEWAN: 1♀ Saskatoon,
28.iv.1949 (A.R. Brooks); [CNC]; USA: MAINE: 1♂ Piscataquis Co., Milo, 14.viii.2006 (M.F. Veit);
MARYLAND: 1♀ Garrett Co., N39.2992 W079.42 (S.W. Droege); MINNESOTA: 1♀ Clay Co., 4 mi E, 1 mi
S Glyndon, 10.vi.2005 (R.L.W.); 1♀ St. Paul, 394 & Penn, vi.2005 (L. Packer); NEW YORK:1♀ Suffolk Co.,
6.ix.2005 (S.W. Droege); [PCYU]; 1♀ Tompkins Co., Little Tree, Newfield, 9.v.2009 (M.G. Park); [CUIC];
NORTH CAROLINA: 1♂ Grandfather Mtn., N36.08942 W081.83699, 13.viii.2006 (J. Gibbs); VERMONT:
1♂ Lamoille Co., Morristown, 4 mi S of Lake Elmore, 10.viii.2006 (M.F. Veit); WEST VIRGINIA: 1♀
Hampshire Co., N39.3314 W078.46, 24.v.2003 (S.W. Droege); 1♀ Hampshire Co., N39.3352 W078.4573,
14.vii.2003 (S.W. Droege); [PCYU]; WISCONSIN: 2♀♀ Door Co., N45.0783 W87.08685, 16.vi.2005 (C.
Destree); [ARC].
Floral records. ANACARDIACEAE: Rhus, APOCYNACEAE: Apocynum, ASTERACEAE: Antennaria,
Chrysanthemum, Erigeron, Krigia, Rudbeckia, Solidago, Taraxacum, BRASSICACEAE: Barbarea,
CARYOPHYLLACEAE: Stellaria graminea, FABACEAE: Baptisia, Melilotus, HYDRANGEACEAE:Hydrangea, LILIACEAE: Scilla, �Smilacina�, POLYGONACEAE: Fagopyrum, Polygonum, RHAMNACEAE:
Ceanothus, ROSACEAE: Amelanchier, Crataegus, Fragaria, Malus, Potentilla, Prunus, Spiraea,
SALICACEAE: Salix.
Biology. Evans & Lin, 1959: (predators); Knerer & Atwood, 1962: (floral records, nest sites, nest architecture);
1964: (metanotal anomaly); 1967: (parasites); Evans, 1975: (predator); Delfinado & Baker, 1976:
(mite association); Ramberg et al., 1984: (karyotype); Eickwort, 1986: (social behaviour).
Comments. Common. A new species with affinities to L. lineatulum is known from Kansas and Missouri.
Females of this new species have clear and abundant punctures on the apical impressed areas of T2�T3 and
clearly separated punctures on the frons. DNA barcodes from one Kansas specimen of this species and fifteen L. lineatulum specimens show a minimum difference of 1.15%. In comparison, the maximum intra-specific difference among L. lineatulum sequences was 0.74%.
Extracted from Jason Gibbs. 2011. Revision of the metallic Lasioglossum (Dialictus) of eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Halictini.) Zootaxa.
Lasioglossum (Dialictus) lineatulum (Crawford)
Halictus lineatulus Crawford 1906: 5. ♀.
Holotype. ♀ USA, Michigan, Ag. Coll., 5.x.1893 [10.v.1893] (R.H. Wolcott); [NMNH: 12071]. Examined.
Halictus subconnexus Ellis 1915: 291. ♀.
Holotype. USA, Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 29.v.1903 (S. Graenicher); [UCMC].
Halictus (Chloralictus) latus Sandhouse, 1924: 20. ♀.
Holotype. ♀ USA, Colorado, Colorado Springs, 20.iv., on willow (W.P. Cockerell), [NMNH: 26414]. Examined.
Halictus (Chloralictus) unicus Sandhouse, 1924: 21. ♀.
Holotype. ♀ USA, Iowa, Seven miles east of Vinton, 29.vi.1922 (G. Sandhouse), [NMNH: 26415]. Examined.
Taxonomy. Michener, 1951: Lasioglossum (Chloralictus) latum, p. 1114, L. (C.) lineatulum, p. 1114 (catalogue, Timberlake
synonymy); Mitchell, 1960: Dialictus lineatulus ♀♂, p. 403, D. unicus ♀♂, p. 425 (redescription);; Krombein, 1967:
Lasioglossum (Dialictus) lineatulum, p. 464, L. (D.) unicum, p. 466 (catalogue); Hurd, 1979: Dialictus latus, p. 1967, D.
lineatulus, p. 1968, D. unicus, p. 1972 (catalogue); Moure & Hurd, 1987: Dialictus latus, p. 110, D. lineatulus, p. 110, D.
unicus, p. 136 (catalogue); Gibbs, 2010b: Lasioglossum (Dialictus) lineatulum ♀♂, p. 180 (redescription, key, synonymy).
Diagnosis. Female L. lineatulum can be recognised by the following diagnostic combination: head wide (length/
width ratio = 0.92�0.93); clypeus weakly protruding below suborbital tangent; mesoscutal punctures sparse, including
laterad of parapsidal lines (Fig. 4I); mesepisternum rugulose; propodeum with dorsolateral slopes smooth; (Figs. 2C,
27A) and metasomal terga often with metallic reflections. They are most similar to L. novascotiae, which has head longer
(length/width ratio = 0.95�0.96), clypeus strongly protruding below suborbital tangent, propodeum with dorsolateral
slopes rugulose (Fig. 27B), and metasomal terga without metallic reflections.
Male L. lineatulum can be recognised by the following diagnostic combination: mesoscutal punctures sparse laterad
of the parapsidal lines, and S2�S4 and S5 laterally with dense plumose hairs. They are similar to L. novascotiae have subappressed
plumose hairs limited to the apicolateral portions of S3 and lateral portions of S4�S5.
Range. Nova Scotia west to Alberta, south to Georgia. USA: CT, CO, GA, IA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, NC, NJ, NY,
PA, VT, WI, WV. CANADA: AB, MB, ON, PQ, SK.
DNA Barcode. Available. Multiple sequences.
Comments. Common.
Lasioglossum lineatulum forms eusocial colonies (Eickwort 1986).
The location of the holotype of Halictus subconnexus was previously unknown. At the time of the original description
Ellis was working from Boulder, Colorado so the type specimen was likely deposited at UCMC. A specimen was
discovered at UCMC with identical locality information to the type specimen designated by Ellis (1915). The specimen
has a label reading �Halictus subconnexus Ellis� in Ellis� handwriting. It is believed that this specimen is the original
type. A type label has been affixed to the specimen.
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