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Dorsal rays IV + I, 8; anal rays III, 8; fatty (adipose) tissue covering most of eye; lips thin, lower lip with a prominent median knob; mouth small, rear end of upper jaw reaching to level of anterior rim of eye; outer row of teeth in jaws mainly simple, inner row with 2 points; pectoral fin not reaching level of origin of first dorsal fin; scales in lateral series 37-43, second dorsal and anal with scales on front and base only.
Olive on back, silvery on sides, and white below; 6-7 brownish stripes on side; fins yellow in Galapagos-Peru form.
Size: grows to 135 cm.
Habitat: forms schools in sandy bottom areas, but large adults sometimes seen near the surface in clear water near reefs.
Depth: 0-125 m.
Circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas; Southern California to the Gulf of California to Peru and Galapagos in our region.
Attributes Abundance: Common. Cites: Not listed. Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California); Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap); Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos); Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ). Depth Range Max: 125 m. Depth Range Min: 0 m. Diet: detritus; benthic microalgae; phytoplankton; zooplankton; pelagic fish eggs. Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=38; Southern limit=-20; Western limit=-123; Eastern limit=-70; Latitudinal range=58; Longitudinal range=53. Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva. Feeding Group: Detritivore; Herbivore; Planktivore. FishBase Habitat: Bentho-Pelagic. Global Endemism: Circumtropical ( Indian + Pacific + Atlantic Oceans); East Pacific + Atlantic (East +/or West); Transisthmian (East Pacific + Atlantic of Central America); East Pacific + all Atlantic (East+West); All Pacific (West + Central + East); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species. Habitat: Beach; Estuary; Sand & gravel; Soft bottom (mud, sand,gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove); Freshwater; Water column. Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only. IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed. Length Max: 135 cm. Regional Endemism: Island (s); Continent; Continent + Island (s); Eastern Pacific non-endemic; Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; All species. Residency: Resident. Salinity: Brackish; Freshwater; Marine. Water Column Position: Bottom; Mid Water; Near Bottom; Near Surface; Surface; Bottom + water column;
Acero, A. and Franke, R., 2001., Peces del parque nacional natural Gorgona. En: Barrios, L. M. y M. Lopéz-Victoria (Eds.). Gorgona marina: Contribución al conocimiento de una isla única., INVEMAR, Serie Publicaciones Especiales No. 7:123-131.
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Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
Castri-Aguirre, J.L., Espinoza-Pérez, H. and Schmitter-Soto, J.J., 2002., Lista sitemática, biogeográfica y ecológica de la ictiofauna estuarino lagunar y vicaria de México. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:117-142.
Castro-Aguirre , J. L. and Balart, E. F., 1997., Contribución al conocimiento de la ictiofauna de fondos blandos y someros de la Ensenada de La Paz y Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:139-150.
Castro-Aguirre, J.L., 1999., Ictiofauna estuarino-lagunar y vicaria de México., Editorial Limusa S.A. de C.V.: 1-629pp.
De la Cruz , J. , Galvan , F. , Abitia , L. A. , Rodriguez , J. and Gutierrez, F. J., 1994., Lista sistematica de los peces marinos de Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico). Systematic List of marine fishes from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico)., Ciencias Marinas, 20:17-31.
Ebeling, A.W., 1961., Mugil galapagensis, a new mullet from the Galapagos Islands, with notes on related species and a key to the Mugilidae of the eastern Pacific., Copeia, 1961(3):295-305.
Eschmeyer , W. N. , Herald , E. S. and Hamman, H., 1983., A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Peterson Field Guide Ser. 28., Houghton Mifflin:336pp.
Findley, L.T., Hendrickx, M.E., Brusca, R.C., van der Heiden, A.M., Hastings, P.A., Torre, J., 2003., Diversidad de la Macrofauna Marina del Golfo de California, Mexico., CD-ROM versión 1.0. Projecto de la Macrofauna del Golfo . Derechos reservados de los autores y Conservación Internacional.
Fischer , W. , Krup , F. , Schneider , W. , Sommer , C. , Carpenter , K. E. and Niem, V. H., 1995., Guia FAO para la Identificacion de Especies de para los fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. Volumen III. Vertebrados - Parte 2., FAO3:1201-1813.
Fowler, H.W., 1944., Results of the Fifth George Vanderbilt Expedition (1941) (Bahamas, Caribbean sea, Panama, Galapagos Archipelago and Mexican Pacific Islands). The Fishes., Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel., Monographs, 6:57-529.
Galván-Magaña, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., Pérez-España, H., Chávez-Ramos, H., 1996., Systematics list of the fishes from Cerralvo island, Baja California Sur, Mexico., Ciencias Marinas, 22:295-311.
Galván-Magaña, F., Gutiérrez-Sánchez, F., Abitia-Cárdenas, L.A., Rodríguez-Romero, J., 2000., The distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the Baja California Sur lagoons. In Aquatic Ecosystems of Mexico: Status and Scope. Eds. M. Manuwar, S.G. Lawrence, I.F. Manuwar & D.F. Malley. Ecovision World Monograph Series., Backhuys Publishers:383-398.
Hildebrand , S.F. and Barton, O., 1949., A collection of fishes from Talara, Perú., Smithsonian Miscellaneus Collections, 111:1-36.
Hildebrand, S.F., 1925., Fishes of the Republic of El Salvador, Central America., Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries., 41:236-287.
Hildebrand, S.F., 1946., A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 189:1-530.
Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
Jordan , D.S. and Bollman, C.H., 1890., Descriptions of new species of fishes collected at the Galapagos Islands and along the coast of the United States of Colombia, 1887-88, by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer 'Albatross'., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 12:149-183.
Jordan , D.S. and Evermann, B.W., 1896., The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part I., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 47:1-1240.
Jordan , D.S. and Gilbert, C.H., 1880., Notes on a collection of fishes from San Diego, California., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 3:23-34.
Jordan, D.S., 1895., The fishes of Sinaloa., Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2), 5:377-514.
Linnaeus, C., 1758., Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae., Systema Nat. ed. 10, 1:1-824.
Lopez , M. I. and Bussing, W. A., 1982., Lista provisional de los peces marinos de la Costa Rica., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 30(1):5-26.
Love, M.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Thorsteinson, L.K., 2005., es of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Artic Ocena species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon border., U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, 288pp.
Madrid Vera , J. , Ruíz Luna , A. and Rosado Bravo, I., 1998., Peces de la plataforma continental de Michoacán y sus relaciones regionales en el Pacífico mexicano., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 42(2):267-276.
Meek , S.E. and Hildebrand, S.F., 1923., The marine fishes of Panama. Part I., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser. Publ., XV:1-330.
Minckley, W.L., 2002., Fishes of the lowermost colorado river, its delta, and estuary: a commentary on biotic change. En: Lozano-Vilano, M. L. (Ed.). Libro Jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas., Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León:63-78.
Molina, L., Danulat, E., Oviedo, M., González, J.A., 2004., Guía de especies de interés pesquero en la Reserva Marina de Galápagos., Fundación Charles Darwin / Agencia Espeñola de Cooperación Internacional / Dirección Parque Nacional Galápagos, 115pp.
Phillips, P. C., 1981., Annotated Checklist of Fishes at Jiquilisco Bay, El Salvador., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 29:45-58.
Pérez-Mellado, J., Findley, LL. F., 1985., Evaluación de la ictiofauna acompañante del camarón capturado en las costas de Sonora y norte de Sinaloa, México. In Yáñez-Arancibia, A. (Ed.) Recursos pesqueros potenciales de México: La pesca acompañante del camarón., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: Cap. 5:201-254.
Ramírez Rodríguez, M., 1997., Producción pesquera en la Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S.. En Urbán Ramírez, J. y M. Ramírez Rodríguez (Eds.). La Bahía de La Paz investigación y conservación., Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur:273-282.
Rocha-Olivares , A. , Garber , N. M. and Stuck, K. C., 2000., High genetic diversity, large inter-oceanic divergence and historical demography of the striped mullet., Journal of Fish Biology, 2000(57):1134-1149.
Rosenblatt , R.H. , McCosker , J.E. and Rubinoff, I., 1972., Indo-west Pacific fishes from the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama., Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., 234:18pp.
Rubio , R. E. A. and Estupiñan, F., 1990., Ictiofauna del Parque Nacional Natural Sanquianga, un Analisis de su Estructura y Perspectivas para su Manejo., Memorias del VII Seminario Nacional de las Ciencias y Tecnologías del Mar. Comisión Colombiana de Oceanografía. Bogota, Colombia., :660-670.
Rubio, E.A., 1986., Notas sobre la ictiofauna de la Isla de Gorgona, Colombia., Boletin Ecotropica. Univ. Bog. Jorge Tadeo Lozano, 13:86-112.
Rubio, E.A., 1988., Estudio taxonomico de la ictiofauna acompañante del camaron en areas costeras del Pacifico de Colombia., Memorias del VI Seminario Nacional de las Ciencias del Mar. Comisión Colombiana de Oceanografía. Bogota, Colombia., :169-183.
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Van der Heiden , A. M. and Findley, L. T., 1988., Lista de los peces marinos del sur de Sinaloa, México., Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia de la Universidad Autonoma Nacional de Mexico, 15:209-224.
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Cosmopolitan in coastal waters of the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones of all seas. Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Chile (Ref.
2850
). Western Pacific: Japan to Australia (Ref.
9812
). Western Indian Ocean: from India to South Africa (Ref.
4393
). Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada to Brazil (Ref.
7251
); Cape Cod to southern Gulf of Mexico (Ref.
26938
); absent in the Bahamas and most of West Indies and Caribbean (Ref.
7251
,
9761
). Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to South Africa, including the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea (Ref.
7399
). Reported in Sea of Okhotsk (Ref.
50550
).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
35.4
, range 30 - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref.
2804
); common length : 50.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref.
7399
); max. reported age: 16 years (Ref.
28725
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 5;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 7-9;
Anal
spines
: 3;
Anal
soft rays
: 8 - 9. Diagnosis: body stout, cylindrical in cross-section, slightly compressed; head broad and flattened (Ref.
57400
). Well developed adipose eyelid (Ref.
40476
,
57400
) covering most of pupil (Ref.
57400
). Upper lip thin and without papillae (Ref.
57400
), with 1-2 outer rows of small, moderately close-set, unicuspid teeth and up to 6 inner rows of smaller, bicuspid teeth (Ref.
81659
). Lower lip with outer row of small unicuspid teeth and sometimes 1 or more inner rows of smaller, bicuspid teeth (Ref.
81659
). Hind end of upper jaw reaching a vertical line from anterior eye margin; maxillary pad not visible below corner of mouth when closed; origin of 1st dorsal fin nearer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base (Ref.
57400
). Anterior parts and bases of 2nd dorsal and anal fins with a moderately dense coverage of scales (Ref.
57400
,
81659
). Pectoral axillary process (Ref.
57400
). 13-15 scale rows between origins of dorsal and pelvic fins (Ref.
57400
,
81659
). Pelvic fins, anal fin, and lower lobe of caudal fin yellowish in specimens from the tropical Atlantic coast of Africa (Ref.
57400
,
81659
).
Adults are found in coastal waters (Ref.
2850
,
44894
,
57400
), often entering estuaries and rivers (Ref.
2847
,
3573
,
11230
,
44894
,
57400
), sometimes far-up-river, lagoons and hypersaline environments (Ref.
57400
). They are usually in schools over sand or mud bottom (Ref.
2850
), between 0 and 10 m, occurring equally in tropical, subtropical and temperate waters (Project MUGIL). They are mainly diurnal, feeding on detritus, micro-algae and benthic organisms (Ref.
56548
,
74902
,
74760
). Juveniles feed on zooplankton until about 3.0 cm SL (Ref.
59043
). Reproduction takes place at sea, at various times of the year depending on the location (Ref.
74907
,
Amour
). Adults form schools and migrate offshore to spawn and developing larvae migrate back inshore (Ref.
81659
). There is absence of an obligatory freshwater phase in the life cycle (Ref.
74752
). Females spawn 0.8 to 2.6 million eggs which develop at sea (Ref.
74912
, Chen & Su 1986). Sexually mature at 3 to 4 years (Ref.
74902
). Maximum length reported as 120 cm SL (Ref.
7399
,
57400
,
81659
) remains to be confirmed (Project MUGIL). Maximum weight reported as 12 kg (Ref.
56527
) seems too high for the area and remains to be confirmed (Project MUGIL). Widely cultivated in freshwater and brackish ponds (Ref.
2847
, Jackson
1984
, Liao
1981
). Marketed fresh, dried, salted, and frozen; roe sold fresh or smoked (Ref.
9321
); also used in Chinese medicine (Ref.
12166
).
One spawning aggregation was observed in detail. This consisted of five fish, a female and four males. Males would press against the female, which took place as the entire group moved along slowly, facing into a fairly strong tidal flow.
Harrison, I.J.
, 1995. Mugilidae. Lisas. p. 1293-1298. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref.
9321
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 11.3 - 27.9, mean 23.2 °C (based on 3258 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.01110 - 0.01363), b=2.93 (2.90 - 2.96), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 2.5 ±0.17 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.8 (4.1 - 5.5) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 20
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.09-0.15; tm=2-6; tmax=16; Fec=1.6 million).
Prior r = 0.51, 95% CL = 0.34 - 0.77, Based on 12 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649
): High vulnerability (59 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Very high
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 102 [37, 281] mg/100g; Iron = 1.92 [0.31, 9.44] mg/100g; Protein = 19.6 [18.1, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.462 [0.196, 1.091] g/100g; Selenium = 68.3 [27.6, 201.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.56 [2.17, 26.41] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.55 [0.73, 3.87] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
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