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Body elongate, oval; snout pointed, slopes at about 60°; adult with long, tapering horn before eye that can extend 1 head length forward (a bump on forehead of juveniles); teeth small, conical, with tips slightly depressed, smooth or with slight denticulations; 2 pairs of cutting keels on plates on narrow tail base; pelvics I, 3; tail edge straight, a series of small scallops on rear margin, long filaments from top and bottom in males (straight in juveniles); dorsal VI, 28-29; anal II, 27-28; pectoral 17-19 rays.
Uniform olive to brown; can switch on pale blue color; tail with wide rays blackish, membranes between rays, narrow margin, and filaments white. Juveniles with thin white dorsal and anal margins, a white saddle on the caudal peduncle, tail dark with white margin.
Size: 100 cm.
Habitat: juveniles and subadults benthic on reefs and rocky shores, adults in open water near exposed reef fronts.
Depth: 0-122 m; subadults usually 5-15 m, adults usually 10-30 m.
An Indo-Pacific species recorded as a vagrant from Cocos and Clipperton Atoll.
Attributes Abundance: Common. Cites: Not listed. Climate Zone: Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo). Depth Range Max: 122 m. Depth Range Min: 0 m. Diet: pelagic fish larvae; zooplankton; benthic microalgae. Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=11; Southern limit=6; Western limit=-110; Eastern limit=-87; Latitudinal range=5; Longitudinal range=23. Egg Type: Pelagic; Pelagic larva. Feeding Group: Omnivore; Planktivore. FishBase Habitat: Reef Associated. Global Endemism: All Pacific (West + Central + East); Indo-Pacific only (Indian + Pacific Oceans); TEP non-endemic; "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific); All species. Habitat: Corals; Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom); Rocks; Reef (rock &/or coral); Reef only. Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only. IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed. Length Max: 100 cm. Regional Endemism: Island (s) only; Island (s); Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Eastern Pacific non-endemic; All species. Residency: Vagrant. Salinity: Marine; Marine Only. Water Column Position: Bottom; Mid Water; Near Bottom; Bottom + water column;
Allen , G.R. and Robertson, D.R., 1997., An Annotated Checklist of the fishes of Clipperton Atoll, Tropical Eastern Pacific., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 45:813-843.
Osburn , R. C. and Nichols, J. T., 1916., Shore Fishes Collected by the 'Albatross' Expedition in Lower California with Descriptions of New Species., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35:139-181.
Quoy , J. R. C. and Gaimard, J. P., 1824., Description des Poissons. Chapter IX. In: Freycinet, L. de, Voyage autour du Monde...exécuté sur les corvettes de L. M. "L'Uranie" et "La Physicienne," pendant les années 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820. Paris., Voyage Uranie, Zool., :1-328.
Robertson , D.R. and Allen, G.A., 1996., Zoogeography of the shorefish fauna of Clipperton Atoll., Coral Reefs, 15:121-131.
Smith , M. M. and Heemstra, P., 1986., Smith's Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan South Africa. 1047 pp., Macmillan South Africa:1047pp.
Indo-Pacific: East Africa, including the Mascarene Islands (Ref.
37792
) to the Hawaiian, Marquesan, and Tuamoto islands, north to southern Japan, south to Lord Howe Island.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
 
?
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
2334
)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 5;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 28-29;
Anal
spines
: 2;
Anal
soft rays
: 27 - 28. Plain brown or olivaceous in color, paler below; subadults with black caudal rays, narrow margins and white caudal filaments; pectoral fins with white distal margins (Ref.
3145
).
Juveniles occur in clear, shallow lagoon reefs at depths as little as 1 m; adults rarely seen in less than 25 m, encountered off outer reef drop-offs in small schools (Ref.
30573
,
48637
). Benthopelagic (Ref.
58302
). Feeds on large zooplankton during the day and shelter within the reef during the night; also benthic algae (Ref.
30573
,
48637
).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity
|
Reproduction
|
Spawning
|
Eggs
|
Fecundity
|
Larvae
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 23.5 - 28.3, mean 27.1 °C (based on 335 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02239 (0.01279 - 0.03918), b=2.97 (2.82 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 2.1 ±0.09 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (K=0.213; Tmax=23).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Moderate to high vulnerability (45 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 25.8 [14.9, 48.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.496 [0.250, 0.868] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [17.6, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.111 [0.068, 0.214] g/100g; Selenium = 45.7 [24.5, 84.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 34.8 [10.7, 111.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.21 [0.83, 1.76] mg/100g (wet weight);
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