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tail : narrow, 1 row spines, last spine between ds
mottled dark and light
pelvic: rear border concave
Disc relatively broad; snout broadly angular (120-142 degrees), short (10-14% of total length); between eyes wide and concave; rear margin of expanded pelvic fin distinctly concave; tail base relatively narrow (less than width between eyes); dorsal fins separate; 1-2 spines on ridge before eye, 1-7 on ridge behind eye; 0-6 thorns on mid-nape, 0-8 on middle of back; row of thorns along top of tail, last one between the 2 dorsal fins; male with a pair of long claspers that having swellings before tips.
Upper surface grey to brown with indistinct light or dark blotches and spots scattered over center or entire disc, sometimes bars across tail; a pale area of varying size at midfront of snout; lower surface pale, with rear of disc abruptly dusky.
Size: to 48 cm.
Habitat: on soft bottoms.
Depth: 10-100 m.
Ecuador to Chile.
Attributes Abundance: Common. Cites: Not listed. Climate Zone: Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo); South Temperate (Peruvian Province ). Depth Range Max: 100 m. Depth Range Min: 10 m. Diet: mobile benthic gastropods/bivalves; mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs); mobile benthic worms. Eastern Pacific Range: Northern limit=-3; Southern limit=-28; Western limit=-82; Eastern limit=-71; Latitudinal range=25; Longitudinal range=11. Egg Type: Benthic; No pelagic larva; No pelagic phase. Feeding Group: Carnivore. FishBase Habitat: Demersal. Global Endemism: TEP non-endemic; East Pacific endemic; All species. Habitat: Mud; Soft bottom (mud, sand,gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove); Soft bottom only; Sand & gravel. Inshore Offshore: Inshore; Inshore Only. IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed. Length Max: 48 cm. Regional Endemism: Continent only; Continent; Temperate Eastern Pacific, primarily; Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic; Peruvian province, primarily; All species. Residency: Vagrant. Salinity: Marine; Marine Only. Water Column Position: Bottom; Bottom only;
Béarez, P., 1996., Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental., Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44:731-741.
Cope, E. D., 1877., Synopsis of the cold blooded vertebrata, procured by Prof. James Orton during his exploration of Peru in 1876-77., Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 17:33-49.
Hildebrand, S.F., 1946., A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 189:1-530.
Jimenez-Prado, P., Béarez, P., 2004., Peces marinos del Ecuador continental / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador., SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA tomo 1 y 2.
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn
, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref.
27314
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 15.3 - 21, mean 19.5 °C (based on 100 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00550 (0.00273 - 0.01106), b=3.10 (2.93 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 3.7 ±0.7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (Assuming fecundity<100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 42.7 [6.6, 208.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.876 [0.232, 2.569] mg/100g; Protein = 17.6 [14.9, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.444 [0.145, 1.605] g/100g; Selenium = 11 [3, 37] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.9 [5.8, 55.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.73 [0.34, 1.35] mg/100g (wet weight);
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- 20 July 2016
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