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Worldwide in warm waters. Western Indian Ocean: Tanzania (Ref.
3287
,
3197
). Eastern Central Pacific: California, USA to Costa Rica (Ref.
2850
). Also in Hawaii. Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania to Angola (Ref.
7097
); also Algoa Bay, South Africa (Ref.
3197
).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: L
m
 
?
  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
7251
); common length : 40.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref.
26999
); max. published weight: 2.0 kg (Ref.
40637
)
Smith-Vaniz, W.F., J.-C. Quéro and M. Desoutter
, 1990. Carangidae. p. 729-755. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref.
7097
)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201
): 20.9 - 29.1, mean 27.2 °C (based on 41503 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804
): PD
50
= 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01349 (0.00646 - 0.02815), b=2.96 (2.79 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245
).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278
): 4.0 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153
): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Price category (Ref.
80766
):
Medium
.
Nutrients (Ref.
124155
): Calcium = 93.5 [50.8, 205.8] mg/100g; Iron = 1.64 [0.88, 3.02] mg/100g; Protein = 20.1 [18.9, 21.4] %; Omega3 = 0.409 [0.251, 0.700] g/100g; Selenium = 18.9 [9.9, 37.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.2 [3.5, 34.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.693 [0.484, 1.037] mg/100g (wet weight);
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